Former Union officers, who had led the costly battlefield effort to free 4 million Americans from bondage, chartered the National Rifle Association (NRA) in New York City on this day in history, Nov. 17, 1871.
Civil War veterans Col. William C. Church and Gen. George Wingate created the organization after they were "dismayed by the lack of marksmanship shown by their troops," states the NRA in its online history.
The association was determined to "promote and encourage rifle shooting on a scientific basis," Church wrote in a contemporary magazine editorial, the NRA reports.
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Ambrose Burnside was the first president of the fledging organization.
General Burnside led federal troops in many of the early encounters of the Civil War. He served as governor of Rhode Island after the war, from 1866 to 1869.
Following his stint as NRA president (1871-72), Burnside served as a U.S. senator from Rhode Island from 1875 to 1881.
Several other Union officers shaped the NRA during their stints as president of the organization in its earliest years.
Among them: General Alexander Shaler, who earned the Medal of Honor for heroics at the Second Battle of Fredericksburg; General Winfield Scott Hancock, whose troops repelled Pickett's Charge in the dramatic final encounter of the Battle of Gettysburg; and the Union's greatest officer, Ulysses S. Grant, who led the NRA in 1883 and 1884 after serving two terms as president of the United States.
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Approximately 5.5 million Americans from all walks of life and political persuasions are members of the National Rifle Association today.
The organization's very first efforts included building a rifle range to promote marksmanship. The NRA's original 1872 range on Long Island, New York, was moved to New Jersey in 1892.
The first National Rifle Matches were held at a new and larger range in Camp Perry, Ohio, in 1907.
The matches are still held at Camp Perry today, attracting nearly 6,000 competitive shooters each year.
"The NRA's interest in promoting the shooting sports among America's youth began in 1903, when NRA Secretary Albert S. Jones urged the establishment of rifle clubs at all major colleges, universities and military academies," the association writes of its history.
Rifle and shooting clubs are still an active part of high school and university life in many parts of the country.
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The Minnesota State High School Trap Shooting Championship expects 7,900 student competitors from 340 high schools to compete in its 2023 competition; it's dubbed "the world's largest shooting sport event."
Gun ownership was widely accepted as a part of life throughout most of the nation's history. But in recent decades, attitudes toward firearms changed dramatically.
The Second Amendment has become the target of ever-increasing efforts to undermine the authority of the U.S. Constitution and to deny Americans their "right to keep and bear arms."
The organization itself has become a high-profile scapegoat for wider social ills, including issues such as mental health.
In 2020, New York attorney general Letitia James filed a lawsuit in an effort to break up the NRA. Manhattan Supreme Court Justice Joel Cohen tossed that claim in 2022.
"Dissolving the NRA could impinge, at least indirectly, on the free speech and assembly rights of its millions of members," the judge stated.
Pennsylvania Lt. Gov. John Fetterman (now senator-elect Fetterman) called NRA members "the lunatic fringe of gun ownership" in an April 2022 speech.
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The San Francisco Board of Supervisors called the NRA a "domestic terrorist organization" in a 2019 resolution — which the NRA derided as a "ludicrous stunt" by a city that coddles criminals at the expense of law-abiding citizens.
The NRA responded to challenges such as these in recent decades by becoming increasingly involved in legal, lobbying and legislative activity.
The association created the Institute for Legislative Action in 1975 to provide legal and political defense of the Second Amendment.
Gun safety and marksmanship remain the core of the NRA's mission, the organization says.
"In civilian training, the NRA continues to be the leader in firearms education. Over 125,000 certified instructors now train about 1 million gun owners a year," the NRA states online.
"For 150 years, millions of Americans from all walks of life, races, colors and creeds have been proud members of the National Rifle Association of America," NRA CEO Wayne LaPierre told Fox News in an exclusive interview last year for the organization's 150th anniversary celebration.
"From presidents of the United States, military heroes, those with household names to rank and file Americans like us, all have entrusted the NRA to be the guardians of their Second Amendment, their self-defense and hunting rights, and indeed their freedom as Americans."
