UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20‑F

 

 

Commission file number 1‑31994

 

Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

 

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

 

18 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China 201203

(Address of principal executive offices)

 

Mr. Gao Yonggang, Chief Financial Officer

Telephone: (8621) 3861‑0000

Facsimile: (8621) 3895‑3568

18 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China 201203

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

 

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

 

 

1The par value of the ordinary share of the Company was US$0.0004 each before December 7, 2016 and US$0.004 each after December 7, 2016.

 

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act. None

 

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act. None

 

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or ordinary shares as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

 

As of December 31, 2018, there were 5,039,819,199 ordinary shares, par value US$0.004 per share, outstanding, of which 17,423,991 ordinary shares were held in the form of 87,119,955 American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”). Each ADS represents 5 ordinary shares.

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

 

☒ Yes ☐ No

 

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

 

☐ Yes ☒ No

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

 

☒ Yes ☐ No

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

 

☒ Yes ☐ No

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Check one):

 

 

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange   Act. ☐

 

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

 

 

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).

 

☐ Yes ☒ No

 

*Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of American Depositary Shares on the New York Stock Exchange, Inc.

 

 

Table of Contents

 

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Except where the context otherwise requires and for purposes of this annual report only:

All references in this annual report to silicon wafer quantities are to 8‑inch wafer equivalents, unless otherwise specified. Conversion of quantities of 12‑inch wafers to 8‑inch wafer equivalents is achieved by multiplying the number of 12‑inch wafers by 2.25. When we refer to the capacity of wafer fabrication facilities, we are referring to the installed capacity based on specifications established by the manufacturers of the equipment used in those facilities. References to key process technology nodes, such as 0.35 micron, 0.25 micron, 0.18 micron, 0.15 micron, 0.13 micron, 90 nanometer, 65 nanometer, 45 nanometer and 28 nanometer include the stated resolution of the process technology, as well as intermediate resolutions down to but not including the next key process technology node of finer resolution. For example, when we state “0.25 micron process technology,” that also includes 0.22 micron, 0.21 micron, 0.20 micron and 0.19 micron technologies and “0.18 micron process technology” also includes 0.17 micron and 0.16 micron technologies.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains, in addition to historical information, “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on our current assumptions, expectations and projections about future events. We use words like “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project” and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These forward-looking statements are necessary estimates reflecting the judgment of our senior management and involve significant risks, both known and unknown, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual performance, financial condition or results of operations to be materially different from those suggested by the forward-looking statements including, among others:

Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation and do not intend to update any forward- looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Part I

Item 1.      Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors

Not applicable.

Item 2.      Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3.      Key Information

A.   Selected Consolidated Financial Data

The selected consolidated financial data presented below as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 have been prepared in accordance with IFRS and are derived from, and should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements, including the related notes, included elsewhere in this annual report.

 

B.   Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not Applicable

C.   Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable

D.   Risk Factors

Risk Factors Related to Our Financial Condition and Business

We may not be able to maintain or increase profitability, primarily due to the possibility of increasing fixed costs and market competition reflected in price erosion in the average selling prices of our products.

Our profit amounted to US$126.4 million and US$77.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively.  We have retained earnings of US$331.3 million attributable to owners of the Company as of December 31, 2018. We may not be able to maintain or increase profitability on an annual or quarterly basis, primarily because our business is characterized by high fixed costs relating to advanced technology equipment purchases, which result in correspondingly high levels of depreciation expenses. We will continue to incur capital expenditures and depreciation expenses as we equip and ramp-up additional fabs and expand our capacity at our existing fabs. This may result in an increase of our fixed costs and possibly reduce our chances of maintaining or increasing profitability.

In addition, we are competing in the same technology environment as a number of other foundries and our competitors who operate these foundries, may lower price to secure business, resulting in an erosion of the average selling price of our product portfolio, which adversely affects our ability to maintain or increase profitability.

The cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry and periodic overcapacity make our business and operating results particularly vulnerable to economic downturns, such as a global economic crisis.

The semiconductor industry has historically been highly cyclical and has experienced significant downturns characterized by fluctuations in end-user demand, reduced demand for integrated circuits, rapid erosion of average selling prices and production overcapacity at various times. Companies in the semiconductor industry have expanded aggressively during periods of increased demand in order to have the capacity needed to meet such increased demand or expected demand in the future. If actual demand is not sustained, does not increase or declines, or if companies in the industry expand too aggressively in light of the actual increase in demand, the industry will generally experience a period in which industry-wide capacity exceeds demand.

During periods when industry-wide capacity exceeds demand, our operations are subject to more intense competition, and our results of operations are likely to suffer because of the resulting pricing pressure and capacity underutilization. Severe pricing pressure could result in the overall foundry industry becoming less profitable, at least for the duration of the downturn, and could prevent us from maintaining or increasing profitability. We expect that industry cyclicality will continue.

In addition, an erosion of global consumer confidence amidst concerns over declining asset values, inflation, energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, rising unemployment, and the stability or solvency of financial institutions, financial markets, businesses and sovereign nations could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Adverse economic conditions could cause our expenses to vary materially from our expectations. The failure of financial institutions could negatively impact our treasury operations, as the financial condition of such parties may deteriorate rapidly and without notice in times of market volatility and disruption. Other income and expense could vary materially from expectations depending on changes in interest rates, borrowing costs and currency exchange rates. Economic downturns may also lead to restructuring actions and associated expenses.

If we cannot take appropriate or effective actions in a timely manner during any economic downturns, such as reducing our costs to sufficiently offset declines in demand for our services, our business and operating results may be adversely affected. A prolonged period of economic decline could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Economic uncertainty also makes it difficult for us to make accurate forecasts of revenue, gross margins and expenses.

Furthermore, a slowdown in the growth in demand for, or the continued reduction in selling prices of, devices that use semiconductors may decrease the demand for our products and reduce our profit margins.

The loan agreements entered into by members of the Group contain certain restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business.

The terms of certain existing loan agreements entered into by members of the Group contain, and certain future indebtedness of the Group would likely contain, a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on the Group, including restrictions on the ability of members of the Group to, among other things:

 

In addition, certain loan agreements of the Group contain, and any future loan agreements may contain, cross-default clauses whereby a default under one of the loan agreements may constitute an event of default under the other loan agreements. We may also be required to satisfy and maintain specified financial ratios and other financial covenants (see “Item 5.B — Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Bank borrowing” for details). The Group’s ability to meet such financial ratios and other covenants can be affected by various events, and we cannot assure you that we will meet these ratios and comply with such covenants in the future. A breach of any of these covenants would result in a default under the existing loan agreements of the Group, which may allow the lenders to declare all amounts outstanding thereunder to be due and payable after the lapse of the relevant grace period and terminate all commitments to extend further credit, any of which could result in an event of default under the terms and conditions of the loan agreement.

The impact of deteriorating economic conditions on our customers and suppliers could adversely affect our business.

Customers’ financial difficulties have resulted, and could result in the future, in increases in bad debt write-offs and additions to reserves in our receivables portfolio. In particular, our exposure to certain financially troubled customers could have an adverse effect on our results of operations. In addition, we depend on suppliers of raw materials, such as silicon wafers, gases and chemicals, and spare equipment parts, in order to maintain our production processes. Our business may be disrupted if, due to the insolvency of key suppliers, we are unable to obtain the raw materials required to sustain our operations.

Demand instability for foundry services may result in a lower rate of return on investments than previously anticipated and our business and operating results may be adversely affected.

The demand for foundry services by integrated device manufacturers (“IDM(s)”), fabless semiconductor companies and systems companies has been increasing. We have made significant investments in anticipation of the continuation of this trend and, as such, any reversal of this trend will likely result in a lower rate of return on our investments. During an industry slowdown, IDMs may allocate a smaller portion of their fabricating needs to foundry service providers and perform a greater amount of foundry services for system companies and fabless semiconductor companies in order to maintain their equipment’s utilization rates. As a result, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Our results of operations may fluctuate from year to year, making it difficult to predict our future performance which may be below our expectations or those of the public market analysts and investors in these periods.

Our sales, expenses, and results of operations may fluctuate significantly from year to year due to a number of factors, many of which are outside our control. Our business and operations are subject to a number of factors, including:

Due to the factors noted above and other risks discussed in this section, year-to-year comparisons cannot be relied upon to predict our future performance. Unfavorable changes in any of the above factors may adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, our operating results may be below the expectations of public market analysts and investors in some future periods.

If we are unable to maintain high capacity utilization, optimize the technology and product mix of our services or improve our yields, our margins may substantially decline, thereby adversely affecting our operating results.

Our ability to maintain or increase profitability depends, in part, on our ability to:

Our capacity utilization affects our operating results because a large percentage of our costs are fixed. Our technology and product mix have direct impacts upon our average selling prices and overall margins. Our yields directly affect our ability to attract and retain customers, as well as the price of our products. If we are unable to maintain high capacity utilization, optimize the technology and product mix of our wafer production or continuously improve our yields, our margins may substantially decline, thereby adversely affecting our operating results.

Our continuing expansion could present significant challenges to our management and administrative systems and resources, and as a result, we could experience difficulties managing our growth or maintaining high capacity utilization which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Over the next several years, we plan to increase our production capacity through expanding existing and new production sites. We have added and expect to continue to add capital equipment and increase our headcount to increase our production capacity. We cannot assure you that we will fully realize the expected returns on these investments for a variety of reasons. If we fail to develop and maintain management and administrative systems and resources sufficient to keep pace with our planned growth or if we fail to increase our customer base or create sufficient demand for our products, we may experience difficulties managing our growth or maintaining high capacity utilization and our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

We may not be able to successfully execute future acquisitions or investments or manage or effectively integrate any acquired personnel, operations and technologies.

From time to time, we seek to acquire or invest in businesses that are complementary to ours. However, acquisition or investment in businesses may require a significant commitment of management time, capital investment and other management resources. We cannot assure you that we will be successful in identifying and negotiating acquisitions or investments on favorable terms. To integrate acquired businesses, we must implement our technology systems in the acquired operations and integrate and manage the personnel of the acquired operations. We also must effectively integrate the different cultures of acquired business organizations into our own in a way that aligns various interests. We may need to enter new markets, such as the automotive electronics market, in which we have no or limited experience and where competitors in such markets have stronger market positions. Failures or difficulties in integrating the operations of the businesses that we acquire, including their personnel, technology, financial systems, distribution and general business operations and procedures, and supply and other relationships, may affect our ability to increase our revenues and may result in us incurring asset impairment or restructuring charges. Furthermore, acquisitions and investments are often speculative in nature and the actual benefits we derive from them could be lower or take longer to materialize than we expect. If we are unable to execute, manage or integrate our acquisitions and investments effectively, our growth, operating results and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

If we lose one or more of our key personnel without obtaining adequate replacements in a timely manner or if we are unable to retain and recruit skilled personnel, our operations could become disrupted and the growth of our business could be delayed or restricted.

Our success depends on the continued service of our key management team members, and in particular, Dr. Zhou Zixue, Chairman of our Board and Executive Director, Dr. Zhao Haijun, Co-Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director as well as Dr. Liang Mong Song, Co-Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director. We do not carry full key person insurance. If we lose the services of any of our key executive officers, it could be very difficult to find, relocate and integrate adequate replacement personnel into our operations. As a result, our operations and the growth of our business could be materially and adversely affected.

We will require an increasing number of experienced executives, engineers and other skilled employees in the future to implement our growth plans. In addition, we expect demand for skilled and experienced personnel in China to increase in the future as new wafer fabrication facilities and other similar high technology businesses are established. There is intense competition for the services of these personnel in the semiconductor industry. If we are unable to retain our existing personnel or attract, assimilate and retain new experienced personnel in the future, our operations could become disrupted and the growth of our business could be delayed or restricted.

Our customers generally do not place purchase orders far in advance, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future sales, adjust our production costs and efficiently allocate our capacity on a timely basis and could therefore have an adverse effect on our business and operating results.

Our customers generally do not place purchase orders far in advance of the required shipping dates. In addition, due to the cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry, our customers’ purchase orders have varied significantly from period to period. As a result, we do not typically operate with any significant backlog, which makes it difficult for us to forecast our sales in future periods. Moreover, since our cost of sales and operating expenses have high fixed cost components, including depreciation expenses and employee costs, we may be unable to adjust our cost structure in a timely manner to compensate for shortfalls in sales. Our current and anticipated customers may not place orders with us in accordance with our expectations. As a result, it may be difficult to plan our production capacity, which requires significant lead time to ramp-up and cannot be altered easily. If our production capacity does not match our customers’ demand, we will either be burdened with expensive and unutilized overcapacity or unable to support our customers’ requirements, both of which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Our sales cycles can be long, which could adversely affect our short-term operating results and cause our long- term income stream to be unpredictable.

Our sales cycles, which is measured as the time between our first contact with a particular customer and the first shipment of product to such customer, vary substantially and can last as long as one year or more, particularly for new technologies. Sales cycles to IDM customers typically are relatively longer since they usually require our engineers to become familiar with the customer’s proprietary technology before production can commence. In addition, even after we make the initial product shipments, it may take the customer several more months to reach full production of that product using our foundry services. As a result of these long sales cycles, we may be required to invest substantial time and incur significant expenses in advance of the receipt of any product order and related revenue. Orders ultimately received may not be in accordance with our expectations and cause our long-term income stream to be unpredictable.

If we do not consistently anticipate trends in technology development, we will not be able to maintain or increase our business and operating margins.

The semiconductor industry is developing rapidly and the related technologies are constantly evolving. We must be able to anticipate the trends in technology development and rapidly develop and implement new and innovative technologies that our customers require to produce sufficiently advanced products at competitive prices and within the time window of market opportunities. To do this, we must make long-term investments, develop or obtain appropriate intellectual property and commit significant resources based on forecasts. If there is large variation between our forecasts and the actual outcome, our long- term investments will not yield satisfactory results and our business and operations will be adversely affected.

Further, as the life cycle for a process technology matures, the average selling price falls. Accordingly, unless we continually upgrade our capability to manufacture new products that our customers design, our customers may use the services of our competitors instead of ours. This can result in the average selling prices of our wafers falling, which could adversely affect our business and operating margins.

Our sales are dependent upon a small number of customers and any decrease in sales to any of them could adversely affect our results of operations.

We have been dependent on a small number of customers for a substantial portion of our business. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, our five largest customers accounted for 51.4% and 46.2% of our total sales, respectively. We expect that we will continue to be dependent on a relatively limited number of customers for a significant portion of our sales. Sales generated from these customers, individually or in the aggregate, may not reach our expectations or historical levels in any future period. Our sales could be significantly reduced if any of these customers cancels or reduces its orders, significantly changes its product delivery schedule, or demands lower prices, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Since our operating cash flows may not be sufficient to cover our planned capital expenditures, we will require additional external financing, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Any failure to raise adequate funds in a timely manner could adversely affect our business and operating results.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, our capital expendituresamounted to approximately US$1,813.4 million. For the year ended December 31, 2019, we expect that our capital expenditures for foundry operations will be approximately US$2.1 billion, which are mainly for equipment and facility in our majority-owned Shanghai 300mm fab and FinFET R&D line, subject to adjustment based on market conditions. In addition, we have budgeted approximately US$105.8 million as capital expenditures for non-foundry operations, mainly for the construction of living quarters for employees as part of our employee retention program. Our actual expenditures may exceed our planned expenditures for a variety of reasons, including changes in our business plan, our process technology, market conditions, equipment prices, customer requirements or interest rates. Future acquisitions, mergers, strategic investments, or other developments also may require additional financing. The amount of capital required to meet our growth and development targets is difficult to predict in the highly cyclical and rapidly changing semiconductor industry.

Our operating cash flows may not be sufficient to meet our capital expenditures requirements. If our operating cash flows are insufficient, we plan to fund the expected shortfall through bank loans. If necessary, we will also explore other forms of external financing, as issuance of ordinary shares and perpetual subordinated convertible securities in 2019. Our ability to obtain external financing is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including:

External financing may not be available in a timely manner, on acceptable terms, or at all. Since our capacity expansion is a key component of our overall business strategy, any failure to raise adequate funds could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Expansion of our production sites is subject to certain risks that could result in delays or cost overruns, which could require us to expend additional capital and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We spent approximately US$2,694.7 million, US$2,487.9 million and US$1,813.4 million to construct, equip and ramp up our fabs for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. We plan to increase our production capacity through expansion of existing production sites, such as Semiconductor Manufacturing International (Shanghai) Corporation  (“SMIS” or “SMIC Shanghai”), Semiconductor Manufacturing International (Beijing) Corporation (“SMIC Beijing”), Semiconductor Manufacturing International (Tianjin) Corporation  (“SMIC Tianjin”), Semiconductor Manufacturing International (Shenzhen) Corporation, ("SMIC Shenzhen" or "SMIZ"), all of which are our wholly-owned subsidiaries, as well as Semiconductor Manufacturing North China (Beijing) Corporation (“SMNC”), our majority-owned subsidiary in Beijing, Semiconductor Manufacturing South China Corporation (“SMSC”), our majority-owned subsidiary in Shanghai and SJ Semiconductor (Jiangyin) Corporation (“SJ Jiangyin”), our majority-owned bumping facility in Jiangyin. There are a number of events that could delay these expansion projects or increase the costs of building and equipping these or future projects in accordance with our plans. Such potential events include, but are not limited to:

As a result, our projections relating to capacity, process technology capabilities, or technology developments may significantly differ from actual capacity, process technology capabilities, or technology developments.

Delays in the construction and equipping or expansion of any of our fabs could result in the loss or delayed receipt of earnings, an increase in financing costs, or the failure to meet profit and earnings projections, any of which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

If we cannot compete successfully in our industry, particularly in China, our results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected.

The worldwide semiconductor foundry industry is highly competitive. We compete with other foundries, such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. (“TSMC”), United Microelectronics Corporation (“UMC”), and Global Foundries, as well as the foundry services offered by some IDMs, such as Fujitsu Limited and Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. We also compete with smaller semiconductor foundries in China, Korea, Malaysia and other countries. While different players in the wafer foundry market may compete on factors such as technical competence, production speed and cycle time, time-to-market, research and development quality, available capacity, yields, customer service and price, we seek to compete on the basis of process technology capabilities, performance, quality, service and price. The level of competition differs according to the process technology involved. Some of our competitors have greater access to capital and substantially higher capacity, longer or more established relationships with their customers, superior research and development capability, and greater marketing and other resources than we do. As a result, these companies may be able to compete more aggressively over a longer period of time than we can.

Some of our competitors have established operations in mainland China in order to compete for the growing domestic market in China. TSMC has its own fab in Shanghai, a wholly-owned 12‑inch  fab and a design service center in Nanjing. UMC has its majority-owned 8‑inch fab in Suzhou and a 12‑inch joint venture fab in Xiamen. In these cases, we understand that the ability of these fabs to manufacture wafers using certain more advanced technologies is subject to restrictions by the respective home jurisdiction of TSMC and UMC; however, such restrictions could be reduced or lifted at any time, which may lead to increased competition in China with such competitors and adversely affect our business and operating results.

In addition, various other factors such as import and export controls, foreign exchange controls, exchange rate fluctuations, interest rate fluctuations and political developments affect our ability to compete successfully. If we cannot compete successfully in our industry or are unable to maintain our position as a leading foundry in China, our results of operations and financial condition will be adversely affected.

We may be unable to obtain in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost the equipment necessary for our business and therefore may be unable to achieve our expansion plans or meet our customers’ orders, which could negatively impact our competitiveness, financial condition and results of operations.

The semiconductor industry is capital-intensive and requires investment in advanced equipment that is available from a limited number of manufacturers. The market for equipment used in semiconductor foundries is characterized, from time to time, by significant demand, limited supply and long delivery cycles. Our business plan depends upon our ability to obtain our required equipment in a timely manner and at acceptable prices. Therefore, we invest in advanced equipment based on advance forecasts of demand. During times of significant demand for the types of equipment we use, lead time for delivery can be one year. Shortages of equipment could result in an increase in equipment prices and longer delivery time. If we are unable to obtain equipment in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost, we may be unable to achieve our expansion plans or meet our customers’ orders, which could negatively impact our competitiveness, financial condition, and results of operations.

We expect to have an ongoing need to obtain licenses for the proprietary technology of others, which subjects us to the payment of license fees and potential delays in the development and marketing of our products.

While we continue to develop and pursue patent protection for our own technologies, we expect to continue to rely on third party license arrangements to enable us to manufacture certain advanced wafers. As of December 31, 2018, we had been granted 9,076 patents worldwide, of which, 70 were in Taiwan, 1,158 were in the U.S., 7,819 were in China and 29 were in other jurisdictions. In comparison, we believe our competitors and other industry participants have been issued many more patents concerning wafer fabrication in multiple jurisdictions. Our limited patent portfolio may in the future adversely affect our ability to obtain licenses to the proprietary technology of others on favorable license terms due to our inability to offer cross-licensing arrangements. The fees associated with such licenses could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. They might also render our services less competitive. If for any reason we are unable to obtain license necessary for using technology on acceptable terms, it may become necessary for us to develop alternative technology internally, which could be costly and delay the marketing and delivery of key products and therefore have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. In addition, we may be unable to independently develop the technology required by our customers on a timely basis or at all, in which case our customers may purchase wafers from our competitors. We expect there is no group of important patents set to expire in 2019 or 2020.

We may be subject to claims of intellectual property rights infringement owing to the nature of our industry partly due to our limited patent portfolio and limitations of the indemnification provisions in our technology license agreements. These claims could adversely affect our business and operating results.

There is frequent intellectual property litigation in our industry, involving patents, copyrights, trade secrets, mask works and other intellectual property subject matters. In some cases, a company attempts to avoid or settle litigation on favorable terms if it possesses patents that can be asserted against the plaintiff. The limited size of our current patent portfolio is unlikely to place us in such a favorable bargaining position. Moreover, some of our technology license agreements with our major technology partners do not provide for us to be indemnified in the event that the processes we obtain license pursuant to such agreements infringe third party intellectual property rights. We could be sued for infringing one or more patents as to which we will be unable to obtain a license and unable to design around. As a result, we would be prohibited from manufacturing or selling the products which are dependent upon such technology, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. We may litigate the issues of whether these patents are valid or infringed, but in the event of loss of such lawsuit, we may be required to pay substantial monetary damages and be enjoined from further production or sale of such products.

If we are unable to maintain relationships with certain technology partners or are unable to enter into new technology alliances on a timely basis, we may not be able to continue providing our customers with leading edge process technology, which could adversely affect our competitive position and operating results.

Enhancing our process technologies is critical to our ability to provide high quality services for our customers. One way to enhance our process technologies is the formation of technology alliances under which we expect to leverage our technology partners to advance our portfolio of process technologies to minimize development risk and shorten development cycle. We currently have joint technology development arrangements and technology sharing arrangements with several companies and research institutes. If we are unable to continue our technology alliances with these entities or maintain mutually beneficial terms on our other joint development arrangements, research and development alliances and other similar agreements or enter into new technology alliances with other leading developers of semiconductor technology, we may not be able to continue providing our customers with leading edge process technology on time, which could adversely affect our competitive position and operating results.

Global or regional economic, political and social conditions could adversely affect our business and operating results.

External factors such as potential terrorist attacks, acts of war, financial crises, the global economic crisis, or political, geopolitical and social turmoil in those parts of the world that serve as markets for our products could significantly adversely affect our business and operating results in ways that cannot presently be predicted. These uncertainties could make it difficult for our customers and us to accurately plan future business activities. For example, we purchase raw materials and other services from numerous suppliers, and, even if our facilities were not directly affected by such events, we could be affected by interruptions at such suppliers. Such suppliers may be less likely to be able to quickly recover from such events and may be subject to additional risks such as financial problems that limit their ability to conduct their operations. We cannot assure you that we will have insurance to adequately compensate us for any of these events. More generally, these geopolitical, social and economic conditions could result in increased volatility in worldwide financial markets and economies that could adversely impact our sales. We are not insured for losses and interruptions caused by terrorist acts or acts of war. Therefore, any of these events or circumstances could adversely affect our business and operating results.

The recurrence of an outbreak of the H7N9 and H5N1 strain of flu (Avian Flu), the H1N1 strain of flu (Swine Flu), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), or an outbreak of any other similar epidemic could, directly or indirectly, adversely affect our operating results.

Concerns about the spread of the H7N9 strain of flu (Avian Flu) in China and outbreaks of the H1N1 virus (Swine Flu) in North America, Europe and Asia in the past have caused governments to take measures to prevent spread of the virus. The spread of epidemics could negatively affect the economy. For example, past occurrences of epidemics such as SARS have caused different degrees of damage to the national and local economies in China. If any of our employees are identified as a possible source of spreading Swine Flu, Avian Flu or any other similar epidemic, we may be required to quarantine employees that are suspected of being infected, as well as others that have come into contact with those employees. We may also be required to disinfect our affected premises, which could cause a temporary suspension of our manufacturing capacity, thus adversely affecting our operations. A recurrence of an outbreak of Swine Flu, SARS, Avian Flu or other similar epidemic could restrict the level of economic activities generally and/or slow down or disrupt our business activities which could in turn adversely affect our results of operations.

Exchange rate fluctuations could increase our costs, which could adversely affect our operating results and the value of our ADSs.

Our financial statements are prepared in U.S. dollars. The majority of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollars and Renminbi. Our manufacturing costs and capital expenditures are generally denominated in U.S. dollars, Japanese Yen, Euros and Renminbi. Although we enter into foreign currency forward exchange contracts and cross currency swap contracts to partially hedge our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations, we are still affected by fluctuations in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and each of the Japanese Yen, the Euros and the Renminbi. Any significant fluctuations among these currencies may lead to an increase in our costs, which could adversely affect our operating results. See “Item 3.D — Key information — Risk Factors — Risks Related to Conducting Operations in China — Devaluation or appreciation in the value of the Renminbi or restrictions on convertibility of the Renminbi could adversely affect our business and operating results” for a discussion of risks relating to the Renminbi.

Fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Hong Kong dollar against the U.S. dollar will affect the U.S. dollar value of the ADSs, since our ordinary shares are listed and traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange and the price of such shares are denominated in Hong Kong dollars. While the Hong Kong government has continued to pursue a pegged exchange rate policy, with the Hong Kong dollar trading in the range of HK$7.8078 to HK$7.8500 per US$1.00 for 2018, we cannot assure you that this policy will be maintained. Exchange rate fluctuations also will affect the amount of U.S. dollars received upon the payment of any cash dividends or other distributions paid in Hong Kong dollars and the Hong Kong dollar proceeds received from any sales of ordinary shares. Therefore, such fluctuations could also adversely affect the value of our ADSs.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control, we may not be able to achieve the business objectives in operations, financial reporting integrity, and compliance with applicable laws and regulations.

We are required to comply with various PRC, Hong Kong and U.S. laws and regulations. For example, we are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, adopted rules requiring public companies to include a management report on such company’s internal controls over financial reporting in its annual report, which contains management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting. Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reasonable assurance with respect to our financial reports, compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and to effectively achieve our operation objectives. In addition, because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As a result, if we fail to maintain effective internal controls, including any failure to implement required new or improved controls, or should we be unable to prevent or detect material misstatements due to error or fraud on a timely basis, our operating results could be harmed, and investors could lose confidence in the reliability of our financial statements. As a result, our business and the trading price of our securities could be negatively impacted.

Internet security system breaches,  cyber-attacks and other disruptions could compromise our information and systems, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

We store sensitive data, including intellectual property and proprietary business information belonging to our company, our customers, our suppliers and our business partners. The secure maintenance of this information is critical. Despite our security measures, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to breaches by hackers, employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions such as natural disasters, power losses or telecommunication failures. Any such breach could compromise our networks and the information stored, possibly resulting in legal and regulatory actions, disruption of operations and customer services, and otherwise harming our business and future operations.

Our tangible and intangible assets may be written down when impaired, any impairment charges may adversely affect our net income.

Under IFRS, we are required to assess our assets to determine whether an asset may be impaired. An impairment loss exists and is recorded in our books when the carrying value of an asset exceeds its recoverable value. With the exception of goodwill and certain intangible assets for which an annual impairment test is required, we are required to conduct impairment tests where there is an indication of impairment of an asset.

At the end of each reporting period, we are required to assess whether there is any indication that an impairment loss recognized in prior periods for an asset other than goodwill may no longer exist or may have decreased. If any such indication exists, the impairment loss will be reversed up to the newly estimated recoverable amount, not to exceed the original value recorded. Goodwill impairment will not be reversed. As of December 31, 2018, the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment was US$6,778.0 million and the carrying amount of intangible assets was US$122.9 million.

Currently we are not able to estimate the amount of impairment loss or when the loss will occur for future years. Any potential changes of the business assumptions, such as forecasted sales, selling prices and utilization, may have a material adverse effect on our net income.

See “Item 5.A — Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Operating Results — Critical Accounting Policies” for a discussion of how we assess if an impairment charge is required and, if so, how the amount is determined.

Proceedings instituted by the SEC against certain PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In December 2012, the SEC instituted administrative proceedings against the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that these firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ audit work papers with respect to certain PRC-based companies that are publicly traded in the United States.

On January 22, 2014, the administrative law judge, or the ALJ, presiding over the matter rendered an initial decision that each of the firms had violated the SEC’s rules of practice by failing to produce audit papers and other documents to the SEC. The initial decision censured each of the firms and barred them from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months.

On February 6, 2015, the four China-based accounting firms each agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC and audit U.S.-listed companies. The settlement required the firms to follow detailed procedures and to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the CSRC. Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four China-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice four years after entry of the settlement. The four-year mark occurred on February 6, 2019. While we cannot predict if the SEC will further challenge the four China-based accounting firms’ compliance with U.S. law in connection with U.S. regulatory requests for audit work papers or if the results of such a challenge would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions, if the accounting firms are subject to additional remedial measures, our ability to file our financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could be impacted. A determination that we have not timely filed financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ordinary shares from Nasdaq or the termination of the registration of our ordinary shares under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ordinary shares in the United States.

Proceedings instituted by the SEC against Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

Starting in 2011 the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and Chinese law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under Chinese law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channeled through the CSRC.

In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm. A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC’s internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC, although that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioner had taken place, the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SEC accepted that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firms were to receive matching Section 106 requests, and were required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance require them to facilitate production via the CSRC.  If they failed to meet specified criteria, the SEC retained authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure.

Under the terms of the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four China-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice four years after entry of the settlement.  The four-year mark occurred on February 6, 2019. We cannot predict if the SEC will further challenge the four China-based accounting firms’ compliance with U.S. law in connection with U.S. regulatory requests for audit work papers or if the results of such a challenge would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions.  If additional remedial measures are imposed on the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In the event that the Chinese affiliates of the “big four” become subject to additional legal challenges by the SEC or PCAOB, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies and the market price of our common stock may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm was denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of the ADSs from [the New York Stock Exchange/Nasdaq Stock Market] or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of the ADSs in the United States.

Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is not permitted to be subject to inspection by Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and as such, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our auditor, the independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit reports included elsewhere in this annual report, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or PCAOB, is subject to laws in the United States pursuant to which the PCAOB conducts regular inspections to assess its compliance with applicable professional standards. Our auditor is located in in, and organized under the laws of, the PRC, which is a jurisdiction where the PCAOB has been unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities. In May 2013, PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the CSRC and the PRC Ministry of Finance, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by PCAOB, the CSRC or the PRC Ministry of Finance in the United States and the PRC, respectively. PCAOB continues to be in discussions with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or CSRC, and the PRC Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges.

On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. However, it remains unclear what further actions, if any, the SEC and PCAOB will take to address the problem.

This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of our independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we and investors in our ordinary shares are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our stock to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

The SEC’s “conflict minerals” rule has caused us to incur additional expenses, could limit the supply and increase the cost of certain minerals used in manufacturing our products, and could make us less competitive in our target markets.

The SEC’s conflict minerals rule requires disclosure by public companies of the origin, source and chain of custody of specified minerals, known as conflict minerals, that are necessary to the functionality or production of products manufactured or contracted to be manufactured. The rule requires companies to obtain sourcing data from suppliers, engage in supply chain due diligence, and file annually with the SEC a specialized disclosure report on Form SD covering the prior calendar year. The rule could limit our ability to source at competitive prices and to secure sufficient quantities of certain minerals (or derivatives thereof) used in the manufacture of our products, specifically tantalum, tin, gold and tungsten, as the number of suppliers that provide conflict-free minerals may be limited. We have and will continue to incur material costs associated with complying with the rule, such as costs related to the determination of the origin, source and chain of custody of the minerals used in our products, the adoption of conflict minerals-related governance policies, processes and controls, and possible changes to products or sources of supply as a result of such activities. Within our supply chain, we may not be able to sufficiently verify the origins of the relevant minerals used in our products through the data collection and due diligence procedures that we implement, which may harm our reputation. Furthermore, we may encounter challenges in satisfying those customers that require that all of the components of our products be certified as conflict free, and if we cannot satisfy these customers, they may choose a competitor’s products. We continue to investigate the presence of conflict materials within our supply chain.

Risks Related to Manufacturing

Our manufacturing processes are highly complex, costly and potentially vulnerable to impurities and other disruptions, which could significantly increase our costs and delay product shipments to our customers.

Our manufacturing processes are highly complex, require advanced and costly equipment, demand a high degree of precision and may have to be modified to improve yields and product performance. Dust and other impurities, difficulties in the fabrication process or defects with respect to the equipment or facilities used can lower yields, because quality control problems interrupt production or result in losses of products in process. As system complexity has increased and process technology has become more advanced, manufacturing tolerances have been reduced and requirements for precision have become even more demanding. As a result, we may experience production difficulties, which could significantly increase our costs and delay product shipments to our customers. For products that cannot meet the quality, standards of our customers, we may suffer indemnification losses in addition to the production cost.

We may have difficulty in ramping up production, which could cause delays in product deliveries and loss of customers and otherwise adversely affect our business and operating results.

We may experience difficulty in ramping up production at new or existing facilities. This could be due to a variety of factors, including hiring and training new personnel, implementing new fabrication processes, recalibrating and re-qualifying existing processes and the inability to achieve required yield levels.

In the future, we may face construction delays or interruptions, infrastructure failure, or delays in upgrading or expanding existing facilities or changing our process technologies, which may adversely affect our ability to ramp up production in accordance with our plans. Our failure to ramp up our production on a timely basis could cause delays in product deliveries, which may result in the loss of customers and sales. It could also prevent us from recouping our investments in a timely manner or at all, and otherwise adversely affect our business and operating results.

We have formed joint ventures that, if not successful, could adversely impact our business and operating results.

In July 2004, we announced an agreement with Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., to establish Toppan SMIC Electronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., a joint venture in Shanghai, to manufacture color filters and micro-lenses for CMOS image sensors.

In December 2013, we lost control of Brite Semiconductor Corporation and its subsidiaries (“Brite”), but still have significant influence over it. We recorded our ownership interest of Brite as investment in associate. Brite is principally engaged in development and design of integrated circuits.

On December 22, 2014, (i) SilTech Semiconductor (Shanghai) Corporation Limited (“SilTech Shanghai”), one of our indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary;(ii) Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co., Ltd (“JCET”); and (iii) China Integrated Circuit Industry Investment Fund Co. Ltd. (“China IC Fund”) entered into a co-investment agreement to form an investment consortium in connection with the proposed acquisition of STATS ChipPAC Ltd. (“STATS ChipPAC”), a leading provider of advanced semiconductor packaging and test services in the world and a company incorporated in the Republic of Singapore, shares of which were listed on the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited before the acquisition. On June 18, 2015, according to the co-investment agreement, we invested US$102 million as a capital contribution for 19.6% ownership interest in Suzhou Changjiang Electric Xinke Investment Co., Ltd. (“Changjiang Xinke”), a company incorporated in Jiangsu province, China, which is accounted as an associate of the Group.

On April 27, 2016, SilTech Shanghai and JCET entered into a disposal agreement, pursuant to which SilTech Shanghai agreed to sell its 19.61% ownership interest in Changjiang Xinke to JCET in consideration of RMB664 million, which will be satisfied by JCET’s issue of 43,229,166 shares of JCET to SilTech Shanghai at RMB15.36 per share. On the same day, SilTech Shanghai and JCET entered into a subscription agreement, pursuant to which SilTech Shanghai agreed to subscribe for and JCET agreed to issue 150,681,044 shares of JCET in consideration of an aggregate subscription price of RMB2,655 million in cash. On May 10, 2017, the Company was notified by JCET that the China Securities Regulatory Commission has granted approval for this transaction, and the disposal agreement and the subscription agreement became effective accordingly. On June 19, 2017, the transactions were completed and SMIC became the single largest shareholder of JCET. The Group recorded its ownership interest of JCET as investment in associate due to its right to nominate directors of JCET’s board. On August 30, 2018, the Company has, through its wholly-owned subsidiary Siltech Semiconductor (Shanghai) Corporation Limited, completed a subscription for 34,696,198 shares in JCET in cash by way of private placement (the “Subscription”). The shares were subscribed at a price of RMB14.89 per share, with the total subscription price being RMB516.6 million. Immediately before and after completion of the Subscription, the shareholding interest of the Company in JCET is 14.28%.

On March 22, 2018, NSI, SMIC Holdings Corporation (“SMIC Holdings”) and China IC Fund entered into the equity transfer agreement, pursuant to which SMIC Holdings has agreed to sell its equity Interests to China IC Fund. Upon the completion of the equity transfer, the shareholding of SMIC Holdings in NSI will decrease from approximately 66.76% to 38.59%, and NSI will cease to be a subsidiary of the Company and its financial results will cease to be consolidated with the Group’s results. The equity transfer was completed in April 2018 and the Group recorded its ownership interest of NSI as investment in associate. 

On March 23, 2018, NSI, SMIC Holdings, China IC Fund, Ningbo Senson Electronics Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing Integrated Circuit Design and Testing Fund, Ningbo Integrated Circuit Industry Fund and Infotech National Emerging Fund entered into the capital increase agreement, pursuant to which (i) SMIC Holdings has agreed to make further cash contribution of RMB565.0 million  into the registered capital of NSI. Its shareholding in NSI will decrease from approximately 38.59% to approximately 38.57%; (ii) China IC Fund has agreed to make further cash contribution of RMB500.0 million into the registered capital of NSI. Its shareholding in NSI will increase from approximately 28.17% to approximately 32.97%.

In March 2018, we announced an agreement with SMIC, Shaoxing Government, and Shengyang Group, to establish Semiconductor Manufacturing Electronics (Shaoxing) Corporation., a joint venture in Shaoxing, to manufacture the manufacture of MEMS and power devices.

Semiconductor Manufacturing Electronics (Shaoxing) Corporation

The results of our joint ventures which we do not have control are reflected in our operating results to the extent of our ownership interest, and gains of the joint ventures could impact our operating results. As integration of assets and operations being contributed by each partner will involve complex activities that must be completed in a short period of time, the joint ventures may face numerous challenges to successful operation, including all operational risks that customarily relate to manufacturing, sales, service, marketing, and corporate functions, which, if unsuccessful, may adversely impact our business and operating result.

If we are unable to obtain raw materials, spare parts and outsourcing services in a timely manner, our production schedules could be delayed and our costs could increase.

We depend on suppliers of raw materials, such as silicon wafers, gases and chemicals, and spare equipment parts, in order to maintain our production processes. To maintain operations, we must obtain from our suppliers sufficient quantities of quality raw materials and spare equipment parts at acceptable prices in a timely manner. The most important raw material used in our production is silicon in the form of raw wafers, almost all of which are sourced outside China. We currently purchase approximately 74.5% of our overall raw wafer requirements from our top three raw wafer suppliers. In addition, a portion of our gas and chemical requirements currently must be sourced outside China. We may not be able to obtain adequate supplies of raw materials and spare parts in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost. In addition, from time to time, we may need to reject raw materials and parts that do not meet our specifications, resulting in potential delays or declines in output. If the supply of raw materials and necessary spare parts is substantially reduced or disrupted; if there are significant increases in their prices; or if the lead time for the supply of raw materials and necessary spare parts are extended, we may incur additional costs to acquire sufficient quantities of these parts and materials to maintain our production schedules and commitments to customers.

We outsource certain wafer manufacturing, assembly and testing services to third parties. Any delay or interruption in the provision of supplies and/or services could result in our inability to meet customers’ demand or fulfill contract terms, damage our reputation and customer relationships and adversely affect our business.

Our production may be interrupted, limited or delayed if we cannot maintain sufficient sources of fresh water and electricity, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

The semiconductor fabrication process requires extensive amounts of fresh water and a stable source of electricity. As our production capabilities increase and our business grows, our requirements for these resources will grow substantially. While we have not, to date, experienced any instances of the lack of sufficient supplies of water or material disruptions in the electricity supply to any of our fabs, we may not have access to sufficient supplies of water and electricity to accommodate our planned growth. Droughts, pipeline interruptions, power interruptions, electricity shortages or government intervention, particularly in the form of rationing, are factors that could restrict our access to these utilities in the areas in which our fabs are located. In particular, our fabs in Tianjin and Beijing are located in areas that are susceptible to severe water shortages during the summer months. If there is an insufficient supply of fresh water or electricity to satisfy our requirements, we may need to limit or delay our production, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. In addition, a power outage, even of very limited duration, could result in a loss of wafers in production and deterioration in yield. In February 2016, a temporary power supply suspension occurred at our fabs in Beijing but it did not cause any casualty or equipment damage, and there was no material adverse financial impact on the Company.

Our operations may be delayed or interrupted due to natural disasters which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

We depend on suppliers of raw materials, such as silicon wafers, gases and chemicals, and spare equipment parts, in order to maintain our production processes in addition to requiring extensive amounts of fresh water and a stable source of electricity. The occurrence of natural disasters such as the April 2016 earthquake in Japan may disrupt this required access to goods and services provided by our suppliers as well as access to fresh water and electricity. As a result of such risk, our production could be limited or delayed due to the disruption of access to required supplies, in addition to possible damage caused to our manufacturing equipment and related infrastructure, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

We are subject to the risk of damage due to fires or explosions because the materials we use in our manufacturing processes are highly flammable. Such damage could temporarily reduce our manufacturing capacity, thereby adversely affecting our business and operating results.

We use highly flammable materials such as silane and hydrogen in our manufacturing processes and are therefore subject to the risk of loss arising from explosions and fires. The risk of explosion and fire associated with these materials cannot be completely eliminated. Our comprehensive fire insurance and insurance for the loss of property and the loss of profit resulting from business interruption, may not be sufficient to cover all of our potential losses due to an explosion or fire. If any of our fabs were to be damaged or cease operations as a result of an explosion or fire, it could temporarily reduce our manufacturing capacity, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our operations may be delayed or interrupted and our business could suffer as a result of steps we may be required to take in order to comply with environmental regulations.

We are subject to a variety of Chinese, Italian and European Union environmental regulations relating to the use, discharge and disposal of toxic or otherwise hazardous materials used in our production processes. Any failure or any claim that we have failed to comply with these regulations could cause delays in our production and capacity expansion and affect our company’s public image, either of which could harm our business. In addition, any failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to substantial fines or other liabilities or require us to suspend or adversely modify our operations.

Any new regulations or customer requirements related to climate change or environmental protection could negatively impact our operating results.

There is global concern that an increase in global average temperatures due to emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other human activities have caused or will cause significant changes in weather patterns, including natural disasters. Such climate change creates risks, such as the physical risks of increased sea levels or extreme weather events, and the financial risks of causing adverse effects on our operations, financial condition, supply chain, increased manufacturing costs, or reduced demand for products believed to contribute to climate change.

We may become subject to legislation, regulation, or treaty obligations designed to address global climate change, Chinese air quality, and other environmental concerns. Compliance with any new rules could be difficult and costly, causing us to incur additional energy and environmental costs, as well as costs for defending and resolving legal claims.

Furthermore, continued serious air pollution in Chinese cities where we operate could pose long-term health risks to our employees and make recruiting and retaining employees more difficult.

Risks related to Our New Investment Fund

Our performance may be affected by the performance of our new investment fund and we may incur losses as a result of ineffective investment.

On February 27, 2014, our wholly-owned subsidiary, SMIC Shanghai, established a wholly-owned investment fund in Shanghai which is called China IC Capital Co., Ltd (the “Fund”). As of December 31, 2018, the Fund has a capital of RMB1,342.5 million, all funded by SMIC Shanghai. With an operating period of 15 years from the date of the issuance of its business license, the Fund is operated and managed by an equity investment management company named China Fortune-Tech Capital Co., Ltd (“China Fortune-Tech”), which was established by SMIC Shanghai and an independent third party on February 27, 2014. As of December 31, 2018, we held 19.5% ownership interest of China Fortune-Tech, which was accounted as investment in associates.

The Fund is intended to invest primarily in the integrated circuits industry but will also invest in other strategic emerging industries such as energy saving and environmental protection, information technology and new energy as well as some other traditional industries. While we generally expect China’s integrated circuits industry to develop rapidly in the next decade and we believe that the other industries we will invest in also have a promising prospect of development, uncertainties due to the slow recovery of the world economy, the global market demand and consumption behaviors may lead to weak market demand in the industries in which we may choose to invest and our investees may not be able to execute their business strategies as successfully as they expect.

As a result, there is no assurance that our investment will be successful. We may incur losses in our investments through the Fund and our overall financial results may be adversely affected by such failure in the Fund’s investment activities.

Risks Related to Conducting Operations in China

Our business is subject to extensive government regulation and benefits from certain government incentives, and changes in these regulations or incentives could adversely affect our business and operating results.

The Chinese government has broad discretion and authority to regulate the technology industry in China. China’s government has also implemented policies from time to time to regulate economic expansion in China. The economy of China has been transitioning from a planned economy to a market-oriented economy. Although in recent years the Chinese government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the Chinese government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to play a significant role in regulating industrial development. It also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency- denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. New regulations or the readjustment of previously implemented regulations could require us to change our business plan, increase our costs or limit our ability to sell products and conduct activities in China, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

In addition, the Chinese government has provided and continued to provide, various incentives to domestic companies in the semiconductor industry, including our company, in order to encourage the development of the industry. Such incentives include tax rebates, reduced tax rates, favorable lending policies, and other measures. Any of these incentives could be reduced or eliminated by governmental authorities at any time, which would adversely affect our business and operating results.

We face uncertainty from PRC’s Circular on Strengthening the Management of Enterprise Income Tax Collection of Income Derived by Non-resident Enterprises from Equity Transfers.

The State Administration of Taxation of PRC issued the Public Notice of the State Administrative of Taxation Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises (“Circular No.7”) on February 3, 2015, which further regulates and enhances the administration of Corporate Income Tax (the "CIT") on indirect transfer of the ownership interest in a China Tax Resident Enterprise (the "TRE"), and other properties in China by non-TREs. Please be reminded that Circular No. 7 takes effect from its issuance date (February 3, 2015). And the unsettled tax matters before the effective date shall follow the instructions of Circular No. 7.

Under Article 1 in Circular No. 7, where a Non-TRE indirectly transfers the ownership interest in a China TRE and other properties in China through the implementation of a scheme without a reasonable commercial purpose and resulting in the avoidance of CIT liability, such indirect transfer should be re-characterized as a direct transfer of the ownership interest in the TRE and other properties in China. In addition, under Circular No. 7, the “indirect transfer of taxable properties in China” should refer to the Non-TRE, through the transfer of the equity and other similar rights (“the equity”) of an overseas enterprise (not including overseas incorporated Chinese TREs) (“Overseas Enterprise”) which directly or indirectly owns taxable properties in China, generates the same or similar substantive outcome as compared with a direct transfer of taxable properties in China, including change in shareholder of an Overseas Enterprises resulting from restructurings of the Non-TRE. The Non-TRE who indirectly transfers taxable properties in China is referred as the “Equity Transferor”.

We do not believe that the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs by our non-PRC shareholders should be treated as an indirect transfer of ownership interest in our PRC subsidiaries subject to Circular No. 7, as the share transfer is carried out for listing purpose and not carried for the main purposes of avoiding PRC taxes. However, Circular No.7 is relatively new and there is uncertainty as to the interpretation and application of Circular No.7 by the PRC tax authorities in practice. If you are required to pay PRC withholding tax on the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, your investment in us may be materially and adversely affected. In addition, we cannot predict how Circular No.7 will affect our financial conditions or operations. For example, we may be required to expend valuable resources on complying with Circular No. 7 or establishing that we should not be taxed under Circular No.7, any of which could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Because our business is highly dependent on growth in the electronics manufacturing supply chain in China, any slowdown in this growth could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our business is highly dependent upon the economy and the business environment in China. In particular, our growth strategy is based upon the assumption that demand in China for devices that use semiconductors will continue to grow. Therefore, any slowdown in the growth of consumer demand in China for products that use semiconductors, such as computers, mobile phones or other consumer electronics, could have a serious adverse effect on our business. In addition, our business plan assumes that an increasing number of non-Chinese IDMs, fabless semiconductor companies and systems companies will establish operations in China. Any decline in the rate of migration to China of semiconductor design companies or companies that require semiconductors as components for their products could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Limits placed on exports into China could harm our business and operating results.

The growth of our business depends on the ability of our suppliers to export and our ability to import, into China, equipment, materials, spare parts, process know-how and other technologies and hardware. Any burdensome new restrictions placed on the import and export of these items could adversely impact our growth and substantially harm our business. In particular, the international export control regime led by the United States requires our suppliers and us to obtain licenses to export and import, as applicable, certain of the above items. If we or our suppliers are unable to obtain such licenses in a timely manner, our business and operating results could be adversely affected.

Devaluation or appreciation in the value of the Renminbi or restrictions on convertibility of the Renminbi could adversely affect our business and operating results.

The value of the Renminbi is subject to changes in China’s governmental policies and to international economic and political developments. Since 1994, the conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including Hong Kong and U.S. dollars, has been based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”), which are set daily based on the previous day’s interbank foreign exchange market rates and current exchange rates on the world financial markets. The Renminbi to U.S. dollar exchange rate experienced significant volatility prior to 1994, including periods of sharp devaluation. On July 21, 2005, the PBOC announced an adjustment of the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar to Renminbi from 1:8.27 to 1:8.11 and modified the system by which the exchange rates are determined. The central parity rate of the U.S. Dollar to Renminbi was set at 6.8632 on December 31, 2018 compared with 6.5342 on December 31, 2017 by the PBOC. The cumulative appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar in 2018 was approximately 5.04%. There still remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt an even more flexible currency policy, which could result in a further and more significant fluctuation of exchange rate of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar. As a result, the exchange rate may become volatile which could have an adverse effect on our business and operating results.

In the past, financial markets in many Asian countries have experienced severe volatility and, as a result, some Asian currencies have experienced significant devaluation from time to time. The devaluation of some Asian currencies may have the effect of rendering exports from China more expensive and less competitive and therefore place pressure on China’s government to devalue the Renminbi. An appreciation in the value of the Renminbi could have a similar effect. Any devaluation of the Renminbi could result in an increase in volatility of Asian currency and capital markets. Future volatility of Asian financial markets could have an adverse impact on our ability to expand our product sales into Asian markets outside of China.

We receive a portion of our sales in Renminbi, which is currently not a freely convertible currency. For the year ended December 31, 2018, approximately 37.1% of our sales were denominated in Renminbi. While we have used these proceeds for the payment of our Renminbi expenses, we may in the future need to convert these proceeds into foreign currencies to allow us to purchase imported materials and equipment, particularly as we expect the proportion of our sales to China-based companies to increase in the future. Under China’s existing foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and expenditures from trade may be made in foreign currencies without government approval, except for certain procedural requirements. The Chinese government may, however, at its discretion, restrict access in the future to foreign currencies for current account transactions and prohibit us from converting our Renminbi sales into foreign currencies. If this were to occur, we may not be able to meet our foreign currency payment obligations.

China’s legal system embodies uncertainties that could adversely affect our business and operating results.

Since 1979, many new laws and regulations covering general economic matters have been promulgated in China. Despite this activity to develop a legal system, China’s system of laws has not been fully implemented. Even where adequate laws exist, enforcement of existing laws or contracts based on such laws may be uncertain and sporadic, and it may be difficult to obtain swift and equitable enforcement or to obtain enforcement of a judgment of another jurisdiction. The relative inexperience of China’s judiciary system in many cases creates additional uncertainty as to the outcome of any litigation. In addition, interpretation of statutes and regulations may be effected by government policies reflecting domestic political changes.

Our activities in China will be subject to administrative review and approval by various national and local Chinese government agencies. Because of the changes occurring in China’s legal and regulatory structure, we may not be able to timely secure the requisite governmental approval for our activities, which would adversely affect our business and operating results.

Our corporate structure may restrict our ability to receive dividends from, and transfer funds to, our Chinese operating subsidiaries, which could restrict our ability to act in response to changing market conditions and reallocate funds from one Chinese subsidiary to another in a timely manner.

We are a Cayman Islands holding company. The majority of our operations are conducted through our Chinese operating subsidiaries, SMIC Shanghai, SMIC Beijing, SMIC Tianjin, SMIC Shenzhen, SMIC New Technology Research & Development (Shanghai) Corporation, SMNC, SMSC, and SJ Jiangyin. The ability of these Chinese subsidiaries to distribute dividends and other payments to us may be restricted by factors that include changes in applicable foreign exchange and other laws and regulations. In particular, under Chinese law, these operating subsidiaries may only pay dividends after 10% of their net profit has been set aside as reserve funds, unless such reserves have reached at least 50% of their respective registered capital. In addition, the profit available for distribution from our Chinese operating subsidiaries is determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in China. This calculation may differ from the one performed in accordance with IFRS. As a result, we may not have sufficient distributions from our Chinese subsidiaries to enable necessary profit distributions to us or any distributions to our shareholders in the future.

Distributions by our Chinese subsidiaries to us may be subject to governmental approval and taxation. Any transfer of funds from us to our Chinese subsidiaries, either as a shareholder loan or as an increase in registered capital, is subject to registration or approval of Chinese governmental authorities, including the relevant administration of foreign exchange and/or the relevant examining and approval authority. In addition, it is not permitted under Chinese law for our Chinese subsidiaries to directly lend money to one another. Therefore, it is difficult to change our capital expenditures plans once the relevant funds have been remitted from us to our Chinese subsidiaries. These limitations on the free flow of funds between us and our Chinese subsidiaries could restrict our ability to act in response to changing market conditions and reallocate funds from one Chinese subsidiary to another in a timely manner.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Shares and ADSs

Future sales of securities by us or our shareholders may decrease the value of your investment.

Future sales by us or our existing shareholders of substantial amounts of our ordinary shares or ADSs in the public markets could adversely affect market prices prevailing from time to time.

We cannot predict the effect, if any, of any such future sales or of the perception that any such future sales will occur, on the market price for our ordinary shares or ADSs.

Holders of our ADSs will not have the same voting rights as the holders of our shares and may not receive voting materials in time to be able to exercise their right to vote.

Holders of our ADSs may not be able to exercise voting rights attaching to the shares evidenced by our ADSs on an individual basis. Holders of our ADSs have appointed the depositary or its nominee as their representative to exercise the voting rights attaching to the shares represented by the ADSs. Holders of our ADSs may not receive voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote, and it is possible that holders of our ADSs, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote.

You may not be able to participate in rights offerings and may experience dilution of your holdings as a result.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, the depositary will not offer those rights to ADS holders unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, or exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. In addition, we may not be able to take advantage of any exemptions from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, holders of our ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in their holdings as a result.

The laws of the Cayman Islands and China may not provide our shareholders with benefits provided to shareholders of corporations incorporated in the United States.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, and by the Companies Law, as revised from time to time, and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law in the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands and from English common law, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority but are not binding on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States. Therefore, our public shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests in the face of actions by our management, directors or controlling shareholders than shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action before the federal courts of the United States.

It may be difficult to enforce any judgment obtained in the United States against our company, which may limit the remedies otherwise available to our shareholders.

Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. The majority of our current operations are conducted in China. Moreover, a number of our directors and officers are nationals or residents of countries other than the United States. All or a substantial portion of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for a person to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or China would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities law of the United States or any state thereof, or be competent to hear original actions brought in the Cayman Islands or China, respectively, against us or such persons predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state thereof. See “Item 4.B — Information on the Company — Business Overview — Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.

Item 4.       Information on the Company

A.   History and Development of the Company

We were established as an exempted company under the laws of the Cayman Islands on April 3, 2000. Our legal name is Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation. Our principal place of business is 18 Zhangjiang Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China, 201203, and our telephone number is (86) 21‑ 3861‑0000. Our registered office is located at P.O. Box 2681, Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, Grand Cayman KY1-1111, Cayman Islands. Since March 18, 2004, we have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “SMI” and the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong under the stock code “0981.HK”. CT Corporation System is our agent in the United States of America and its address is 111 Eighth Avenue, New York, New York 10011, U.S.A.

We are now the largest semiconductor foundry in mainland China. We operate wafer fabrication facilities, including facilities at Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Shenzhen in China and at Avezzano in Italy, as we acquired 70% of the ownership interest of LFoundry S.r.l. or LFoundry on July 29, 2016, with an aggregate capacity of producing  up to 451,325  8‑inch wafer equivalents per month.

SMIC Shenzhen

SMIC Shenzhen, which our wholly-owned subsidiary, principally engages in, among others, the testing, development, design, manufacturing, packaging and sale of integrated circuits entered into mass production since the third quarter of 2015.

SMNC

SMNC, our majority-owned subsidiary in Beijing, principally engages in, among others, the testing, development, design, manufacturing, packaging and sale of integrated circuits entered into mass production since the fourth quarter of 2015.

On May 10, 2016, the Company, SMIC Beijing, China IC Fund, Beijing Semiconductor Manufacturing and Equipment Equity Investment Centre (Limited Partnership) (“Beijing Semi Fund”), Beijing Industrial Developing Investment Management Co., Ltd. (“IDIMC”) and Zhongguancun Development Group (“ZDG”) have agreed to amend the previous joint venture agreement through an amended joint venture agreement, pursuant to which: (i) the Company and SMIC Beijing’s outstanding aggregate capital contribution obligations as contained in the previous joint venture agreement will decrease from US$804.38 million to US$708.38 million, and their aggregate shareholding in SMNC, will decrease from 55% to 51%; and (ii) China IC Fund has agreed to make cash contribution of US$636 million into the registered capital of SMNC. The parties’ performance of their capital contribution obligations will lead to an increase in the registered capital of SMNC from US$1.2 billion to US$2.4 billion. The capital contribution from China IC Fund was completed in June 2016.

On August 10, 2017, the Company, SMIC Beijing, SMIC Holdings, China IC Fund, Beijing Semi Fund, IDIMC, ZDG and Beijing E-Town International Investment & Development Co., Ltd (“E-Town Capital”) agreed to amend the previous joint venture agreement through the amended joint venture agreement, pursuant to which: (i) the Company, SMIC Beijing and SMIC Holdings have agreed to make further cash contribution of US$1,224 million into the registered capital of SMNC. The Company’s aggregate shareholding in SMNC will remain at 51%; (ii) China IC Fund has agreed to make further cash contribution of US$900 million into the registered capital of the Joint Venture Company. Its shareholding in the Joint Venture Company will increase from 26.5% to 32%; and (iii) E-Town Capital has agreed to make cash contribution of US$276 million into the registered capital of the Joint Venture Company representing 5.75% of the enlarged registered capital of the Joint Venture Company. The capital contribution is expected to be completed before the end of 2019.

According to the joint venture agreements entered into by the Group and the non-controlling interest shareholders of SMNC, additional capital injection into SMNC was received in 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018. The additional capital injection from non-controlling interest shareholders amounted to US$61.9 million in 2015, US$754.1 million in 2016, US$294.0 million in 2017, and US$441.0 million in 2018, respectively.

SilTech Shanghai

On December 22, 2014, (i) SilTech Shanghai, one of our indirectly wholly-owned subsidiary; (ii) JCET; and (iii) China IC Fund entered into a co-investment agreement to form an investment consortium in connection with the proposed acquisition of STATS ChipPAC, a leading provider of advanced semiconductor packaging and test services in the world and a company incorporated in the Republic of Singapore, shares of which were listed on the Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited before the acquisition. On June 18, 2015, according to the co-investment agreement, we invested US$102 million as a capital contribution for 19.6% ownership interest in Changjiang Xinke, a company incorporated in Jiangsu province, China, which is accounted as an associate of the Group.

On April 27, 2016, SilTech Shanghai and JCET entered into a disposal agreement, pursuant to which SilTech Shanghai agreed to sell its 19.61% ownership interest in Changjiang Xinke to JCET in consideration of RMB664 million, which will be satisfied by JCET’s issue of 43,229,166 shares of JCET to SilTech Shanghai at RMB15.36 per share. On the same day, SilTech Shanghai and JCET entered into a subscription agreement, pursuant to which SilTech Shanghai agreed to subscribe for and JCET agreed to issue 150,681,044 shares of JCET in consideration of an aggregate subscription price of RMB2,655 million in cash.

On May 10, 2017, the Company was notified by JCET that the China Securities Regulatory Commission has granted approval for this transaction, and the disposal agreement and the subscription agreement became effective accordingly. On June 19, 2017, the transactions were completed and SMIC became the single largest shareholder of JCET. The Group recorded its ownership interest of JCET as investment in associate due to its right to nominate directors of JCET’s board.

On August 30, 2018, Siltech Shanghai completed a subscription for 34,696,198 shares in JCET in cash by way of private placement (the “Subscription”). The shares were subscribed at a price of RMB14.89 per share, with the total subscription price being RMB516.6 million. Immediately before and after completion of the Subscription, the shareholding interest of the Company in JCET is 14.28%.

SMIC New Technology Research & Development (Shanghai) Corporation

On June 23, 2015, Huawei, Qualcomm Global Trading Pte. Ltd. (“Qualcomm”), IMEC International (“IMEC”) and we jointly issued a press release in relation to the formation of SMIC Advanced Technology Research & Development (Shanghai) Corporation, an equity joint venture company renamed as SMIC New Technology Research & Development (Shanghai) Corporation in 2017. The joint venture company focused on research and development (“R&D”) towards next generation CMOS logic technology and is designed to build most advanced integrated circuit (IC) development R&D platform in China. SMIC is the major shareholder of  the joint venture company,  while Huawei, IMEC, and Qualcomm are minority shareholders. The current focus of the joint venture company is on developing 14nm logic technology.

LFoundry S.r.l.

On June 24, 2016, we, LFoundry Europe and Marsica entered into a sale and purchase agreement pursuant to which LFoundry Europe and Marsica agreed to sell and we agreed to purchase 70% of the corporate capital of LFoundry for an aggregate cash consideration of EUR49 million subject to adjustment. The acquisition was completed as of July 29, 2016.

On March 29, 2019, SMIC Shanghai (Cayman) Corporation (the “Vendor”, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company), and SMIC Hong Kong (International) Company Limited (the “Target Company”, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Vendor) entered into the share purchase agreement with Jiangsu CAS-IGBT Technology Co., Ltd. (the “Purchaser”). Pursuant to the share purchase agreement, the Vendor agreed to sell and the Purchaser agreed to purchase the sale shares at the consideration subject to the terms and conditions of the share purchase agreement. The Target Company directly owns 70% of the share capital of LFoundry. The consideration of the Target Company and its subsidiaries amounted to US$112.8 million was considered to be fair and reasonable and in the interest of the Company and its shareholders taken as a whole. Further, the Purchaser agreed to purchase from the Target Company the creditor’s rights for the outstanding balance (being the total outstanding principal and total aggregate accrued interest) under the loans from the Group.

Ningbo Semiconductor International Corporation

On October 14, 2016, Ningbo Semiconductor International Corporation (“NSI”) was jointly established by China IC Capital (the wholly-owned investment fund of SMIC), Ningbo Senson Electronics Technology Co., Ltd, and Beijing Integrated Circuit Design and Testing Fund with a registered capital of RMB355 million, equal to US$52.8 million. SMIC holds 66.76% of the ownership interest.

On March 22, 2018, NSI, SMIC Holdings and China IC Fund entered into the equity transfer agreement, pursuant to which SMIC Holdings has agreed to sell the equity Interest to China IC Fund. Upon the completion of the equity transfer, the shareholding of SMIC Holdings in NSI will decrease from approximately 66.76% to 38.59%, and NSI will cease to be a subsidiary of the Company and its financial results will cease to be consolidated with the Group’s results. There is no gain or loss expected to accrue to the Company as a result of the equity transfer.

On March 23, 2018, NSI, SMIC Holdings, China IC Fund, Ningbo Senson Electronics Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing Integrated Circuit Design and Testing Fund, Ningbo Integrated Circuit Industry Fund and Infotech National Emerging Fund entered into the capital increase agreement, pursuant to which (i) SMIC Holdings has agreed to make further cash contribution of RMB565 million into the registered capital of NSI. Its shareholding in the Joint Venture Company will decrease from approximately 38.59% to approximately 38.57%; (ii) China IC Fund has agreed to make further cash contribution of RMB500 million into the registered capital of NSI. Its shareholding in NSI will increase from approximately 28.17% to approximately 32.97%. The all above parties’ performance of the Capital Contribution obligations will lead to an increase in the registered capital from RMB355 million to RMB1.82 billion.

Semiconductor Manufacturing South China Corporation

On December 1, 2016, Semiconductor Manufacturing South China Corporation (“SMSC”) was established by SMIC Holdings and SMIC Shanghai. On January 30, 2018, SMIC Holdings, SMIC Shanghai, China IC Fund and Shanghai IC Fund entered into the joint venture agreement and the capital contribution agreement pursuant to which SMIC Holdings, China IC Fund and Shanghai IC Fund agreed to make cash contribution to the registered capital of SMSC in the amount of US$1.5435 billion, US$946.5 million and US$800 million, respectively. As a result of the capital contribution: (i) the registered capital of SMSC will increase from US$210 million to US$3.5 billion; (ii) the Company’s equity interest in SMSC, through SMIC Holdings and SMIC Shanghai, will decrease from 100% to 50.1%; and (iii) SMSC will be owned as to 27.04% and 22.86% by China IC Fund and Shanghai IC Fund, respectively.

SJ Semiconductor Corporation

SJ Semiconductor Corporation, a majority-owned 300mm bumping and probing factory in Jiangyin, entered into mass production in July 2016. Chip probing has been in production for mobile SoC, consumer and memory devices since April 2015. The products manufactured by SJ Semiconductor Corporation adopt most advanced technologies from early stage to mass production with high quality.

According to the joint venture agreements entered into by the Company and the non-controlling interest shareholders of SJ Semiconductor Corporation, additional capital injection into SJ Semiconductor Corporation was completed in 2015 and 2016. The additional capital injection from non-controlling interest shareholders amounted to US$60.0 million in 2015 and US$60.0 million in 2016, respectively.

Share Consolidation

On December 7, 2016, the Share Consolidation was effective on the basis that every ten authorized ordinary shares (whether issued or not) and preferred shares of US$0.0004 each in the existing share capital of the Company are consolidated into one ordinary share and preferred share of US$0.004 each, respectively.

Capital Expenditures

Our capital expenditures amounted to approximately US$2,694.7 million, US$2,487.9 million and US$1,813.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, respsectively, which were primarily used to construct, equip and ramp up our fabs. Our planned capital expenditures for the year ending December 31, 2019 for foundry operations are approximately US$2.1 billion, which are mainly for equipment and facility in our majority-owned Shanghai 300mm fab and FinFET R&D line, subject to adjustment based on market conditions.. We plan to fund our capital expenditure through the cash on hand, cash flows from operations for the year ending December 31, 2019, borrowings under existing credit facilities, proceeds from the note financings, the capital contribution from non-controlling interest shareholders and other external financing. See “Item 5. A — Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Operating Results—Factors that Impact Our Results of Operations — Substantial Capital Expenditures” for details.

Where to Find Further Information

SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information of our Company that were filed electronically with the SEC at http:// www.sec.gov. Our Internet Adress is http://www.smics.com/en/site/investor.

B.   Business Overview

We provides integrated circuit (“IC”) foundry and technology services on process nodes from 0.35 micron to 28 nanometer. Headquartered in Shanghai, China, SMIC has an international manufacturing and service base. In China, SMIC has a 300mm wafer fabrication facility (“fab”) and a 200mm fab in Shanghai; a 300mm fab and a majority-owned 300mm fab for advanced nodes in Beijing; 200mm fabs in Tianjin and Shenzhen; and a majority-owned joint-venture 300mm bumping facility in Jiangyin. Additionally, SMIC has a majority-owned 200mm fab in Intaly. SMIC also has marketing and customer service offices in the U.S., Europe, Japan, and Taiwan, and a representative office in Hong Kong.

We also have customer service and marketing offices in the U.S., Europe, Japan, and Taiwan, and a representative office in Hong Kong. The table below sets forth a summary of our fabs as of December 31, 2018:

In addition to wafer fabrication, our service offerings include a comprehensive portfolio consisting of IC design libraries, circuit design blocks, design support, mask-making, wafer probing and gold/solder bumping. We have a majority-owned 300mm bumping factory in Jiangyin, China and we also work with our partners to provide IC assembly and testing services.

We have a global and diversified customer base that includes some of the world’s leading IDMs and fabless semiconductor companies.

Our Products and Services

Manufacturing of Wafers and Our Manufacturing Capacity

We currently manufacture silicon wafers based on proprietary designs provided by our customers or third party designers.

The following table sets forth the historical capacity and utilization rate of our wafer fabrication and facilities (all output and capacity data is provided as 8‑inch wafers or 8‑inch wafer equivalents per month):

Our factories manufacture the following types of semiconductors:

 

The following table sets forth a percentage breakdown of wafer sales by process technology for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018 and each of the quarters in the year ended December 31, 2018:

 

Our Integrated Solutions

In addition to wafer fabrication, we provide our customers with a range of complementary services, from circuit design support and mask-making to wafer level probing and testing. This range of services is supported by our network of partners that assist in providing design, probing, final testing, packaging, assembly and distribution services.