Edgar Filing: ROYAL BANK OF CANADA

	RBC Capital Markets^®	Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2) Registration Statement No. 333-227001



Pricing Supplement Dated October 29, 2018 To the Product Prospectus Supplement No. CCBN-2, Dated September 10, 2018, the Prospectus Supplement Dated September 7, 2018, and the Prospectus Dated September 7, 2018		$150,000 Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes, due November 2, 2023 Royal Bank of Canada

Royal Bank of Canada is offering Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes (the “Notes”). The Notes offered are senior unsecured obligations of Royal Bank of Canada, and will pay a semi-annual Contingent Coupon at the annual rate of 6.30% if the level of each of the Reference Indices is equal to or greater than its applicable Coupon Barrier. The CUSIP number for the Notes is 78013XP85.

Reference Indices	Initial Levels	Trigger Levels and Coupon Barriers*
S&P 500^®Index (“SPX”)	2,641.25	1,848.88, which is 70% of the Initial Level
Russell 2000^® Index (“RTY”)	1,477.306	1,034.114, which is 70% of the Initial Level

*Rounded to two decimal places in the case of the SPX and three decimal places in the case of the RTY.

At maturity, we will pay the principal amount of the Notes, unless the Final Level of any of the Reference Indices is less than its respective Trigger Level. If the Final Level of any Reference Index is less than its Trigger Level, instead of the principal amount, you will receive an amount of cash which will be less than the principal amount, based upon the percentage decrease of the Lesser Performing Reference Index. Investors could lose some or all of their investment at maturity if there has been a decline in the level of any Reference Index.

Any payments on the Notes are subject to our credit risk.

Issue Date: October 31, 2018

Maturity Date: November 2, 2023

The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange.

Investing in the Notes involves a number of risks. See “Selected Risk Factors” beginning on page 7 of this pricing supplement, “Risk Factors” beginning on page S-1 of the prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2018, and “Risk Factors” beginning on page PS-4 of the product prospectus supplement dated September 10, 2018.

The Notes will not constitute deposits insured by the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation, the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other Canadian or U.S. government agency or instrumentality. The Notes are not subject to conversion into our common shares under subsection 39.2(2.3) of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Act.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of the Notes or determined that this pricing supplement is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

	Per Note	Total
Price to public⁽¹⁾	100.00%	$150,000
Underwriting discounts and commissions⁽¹⁾	2.75%	$4,125
Proceeds to Royal Bank of Canada	97.25%	$145,875

⁽¹⁾Certain dealers who purchased the Notes for sale to certain fee-based advisory accounts may have foregone some or all of their underwriting discount or selling concessions. The public offering price for investors purchasing the Notes in these accounts was between $972.50 and $1,000 per $1,000 in principal amount.

RBC Capital Markets, LLC, which we refer to as RBCCM, acting as agent for Royal Bank of Canada, received a commission of $27.50 per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes and used all or a portion of that commission to allow selling concessions to other dealers of up to $27.50 per $1,000 in principal amount of the Notes. The other dealers may forgo, in their sole discretion, some or all of their selling concessions. See “Supplemental Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of Interest)” below.

The initial estimated value of the Notes as of the date of this pricing supplement is $940.60 per $1,000 in principal amount, which is less than the price to public. The actual value of the Notes at any time will reflect many factors, cannot be predicted with accuracy, and may be less than this amount. We describe our determination of the initial estimated value in more detail below.

We may use this pricing supplement in the initial sale of the Notes. In addition, RBCCM or another of our affiliates may use this pricing supplement in a market-making transaction in the Notes after their initial sale. Unless we or our agent informs the purchaser otherwise in the confirmation of sale, this pricing supplement is being used in a market-making transaction.

RBC Capital Markets, LLC


	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

SUMMARY

The information in this “Summary” section is qualified by the more detailed information set forth in this pricing supplement, the product prospectus supplement, the prospectus supplement and the prospectus. As used in this pricing supplement, the “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refers to Royal Bank of Canada.

Issuer:	Royal Bank of Canada (“Royal Bank”)
Currency:	U.S. Dollars
Minimum Investment:	$1,000 and minimum denominations of $1,000 in excess thereof
Trade Date:	October 29, 2018
Issue Date:	October 31, 2018
CUSIP:	78013XP85
Valuation Date:	October 30, 2023
Maturity Date:	November 2, 2023
Contingent Coupon:	We will pay you a Contingent Coupon during the term of the Notes, periodically in arrears on each Coupon Payment Date, under the conditions described below: If the closing level of each Reference Index is greater than or equal to its Coupon Barrier on the applicable Observation Date, we will pay the Contingent Coupon applicable to that Observation Date. However, if the closing level of any of the Reference Indices is less than its Coupon Barrier on the applicable Observation Date, we will not pay you the Contingent Coupon applicable to that Observation Date. You may not receive a Contingent Coupon for one or more semi-annual periods during the term of the Notes.
Contingent Coupon Rate:	6.30% per annum, and potentially payable semi-annually.
Observation Dates:	Semi-annually on April 29, 2019, October 29, 2019, April 29, 2020, October 29, 2020, April 29, 2021, October 29, 2021, April 29, 2022, October 31, 2022, April 28, 2023, and the Valuation Date, subject to postponement as described in the product prospectus supplement.
Coupon Payment Dates:	The coupon, if payable, will be paid semi-annually on May 2, 2019, November 1, 2019, May 4, 2020, November 3, 2020, May 4, 2021, November 3, 2021, May 4, 2022, November 3, 2022, May 3, 2023 and November 2, 2023 (the Maturity Date), subject to postponement as described in the product prospectus supplement.
Initial Level:	The closing level of the applicable Reference Index on the trade date, as specified on the cover page of this pricing supplement.
Final Level:	The closing level of the applicable Reference Index on the Valuation Date.
Trigger Level and Coupon Barrier:	For each Reference Index, 70.00% of its Initial Level, as specified on the cover page of this pricing supplement.

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	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

Payment at Maturity (if held to maturity):	We will pay you at maturity an amount based on the Final Level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index: · If the Final Level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index is greater than or equal to its Trigger Level, we will pay you a cash payment equal to the principal amount plus the Contingent Coupon otherwise due on the Maturity Date. · If the Final Level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index is below its Trigger Level, you will receive at maturity, for each $1,000 in principal amount, a cash payment equal to: Principal Amount + (Principal Amount x Percentage Change of the Lesser Performing Reference Index) In this case you will lose all or a portion of the principal amount of the Notes.
Lesser Performing Reference Index:	The Reference Index with the largest percentage decrease (or the smallest percentage increase, if none decreases) between its Initial Level and its Final Level.
Percentage Change:	For each Reference Index, an amount, expressed as a percentage, equal to:
Call Prior to Maturity:	We will not have the option to redeem the Notes prior to maturity, and the Notes are not automatically callable prior to maturity.
Calculation Agent:	RBC Capital Markets, LLC (“RBCCM”)
U.S. Tax Treatment:	By purchasing a Note, each holder agrees (in the absence of a change in law, an administrative determination or a judicial ruling to the contrary) to treat the Note as a pre-paid cash settled contingent income-bearing derivative contract linked to the Reference Indices for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, the U.S. federal income tax consequences of your investment in the Notes are uncertain and the Internal Revenue Service could assert that the Notes should be taxed in a manner that is different from that described in the preceding sentence. Please see the section below, “Supplemental Discussion of U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences” and the discussion (including the opinion of our counsel Morrison & Foerster LLP) in the product prospectus supplement under “Supplemental Discussion of U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences,” which apply to the Notes.
Secondary Market:	RBCCM (or one of its affiliates), though not obligated to do so, may maintain a secondary market in the Notes after the Issue Date. The amount that you may receive upon sale of your Notes prior to maturity may be less than the principal amount of your Notes.
Listing:	The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange.
Settlement:	DTC global (including through its indirect participants Euroclear and Clearstream, Luxembourg as described under “Description of Debt Securities—Ownership and Book-Entry Issuance” in the prospectus).
Terms Incorporated in the Master Note:	All of the terms appearing above the item captioned “Secondary Market” on pages P-2 and P-3 of this pricing supplement and the terms appearing under the caption “General Terms of the Notes” in the product prospectus supplement, as modified by this pricing supplement.

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	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

ADDITIONAL TERMS OF YOUR NOTES

You should read this pricing supplement together with the prospectus dated September 7, 2018, as supplemented by the prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2018 and the product prospectus supplement dated September 10, 2018, relating to our Senior Global Medium-Term Notes, Series H, of which these Notes are a part. Capitalized terms used but not defined in this pricing supplement will have the meanings given to them in the product prospectus supplement. In the event of any conflict, this pricing supplement will control. The Notes vary from the terms described in the product prospectus supplement in several important ways. For example, the Notes are not callable prior to maturity. You should read this pricing supplement carefully.

This pricing supplement, together with the documents listed below, contains the terms of the Notes and supersedes all prior or contemporaneous oral statements as well as any other written materials including preliminary or indicative pricing terms, correspondence, trade ideas, structures for implementation, sample structures, brochures or other educational materials of ours. You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters set forth in “Risk Factors” in the prospectus supplement dated September 7, 2018 and in the product prospectus supplement dated September 10, 2018, as the Notes involve risks not associated with conventional debt securities. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and other advisors before you invest in the Notes. You may access these documents on the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) website at www.sec.gov as follows (or if that address has changed, by reviewing our filings for the relevant date on the SEC website):

Prospectus dated September 7, 2018:

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000121465918005973/l96181424b3.htm

Prospectus Supplement dated September 7, 2018:

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000121465918005975/f97180424b3.htm

Product Prospectus Supplement dated September 10, 2018:

https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1000275/000114036118038089/form424b5.htm

Our Central Index Key, or CIK, on the SEC website is 1000275. As used in this pricing supplement, “we,” “us,” or “our” refers to Royal Bank of Canada.

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	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

HYPOTHETICAL EXAMPLES

The table set out below is included for illustration purposes only. The table illustrates the Payment at Maturity of the Notes (excluding the final Contingent Coupon, if payable) for a hypothetical range of performance for the Lesser Performing Reference Index, assuming an Initial Level for that Reference Index of 100.00, a Trigger Level of 70.00 and an initial investment of $1,000. The actual Initial Level and Trigger Level of each Reference Index are set forth on the cover page of this pricing supplement. Hypothetical Final Levels are shown in the first column on the left. The second column shows the Payment at Maturity for a range of Final Levels on the Valuation Date. The third column shows the amount of cash to be paid on the Notes per $1,000 in principal amount.

We make no representation or warranty as to which of the Reference Indices will be the Lesser Performing Reference Index. It is possible that the Final Level of each Reference Index will be less than its Initial Level.

Hypothetical Final Level	Payment at Maturity as Percentage of Principal Amount	Cash Payment Amount per $1,000 in Principal Amount
130.00	100.00%	$1,000.00
120.00	100.00%	$1,000.00
110.00	100.00%	$1,000.00
100.00	100.00%	$1,000.00
85.00	100.00%	$1,000.00
80.00	100.00%	$1,000.00
75.00	75.00%	$1,000.00
70.00	70.00%	$1,000.00
69.99	69.99%	$699.90
60.00	60.00%	$600.00
50.00	50.00%	$500.00
25.00	25.00%	$250.00$25.
0.00	0.00%	$0.00

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	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

Hypothetical Examples of Amounts Payable at Maturity

The following hypothetical examples illustrate how the total returns set forth in the table above are calculated.

Example 1: The level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index increases by 25% from the Initial Level to the Final Level of 125.00. Because the Final Level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index is greater than the Trigger Level and its Coupon Barrier, the investor receives at maturity, in addition to the final Contingent Coupon otherwise due on the Notes, a cash payment of $1,000 per Note, despite the 25% appreciation in the level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index.

Example 2: The level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index decreases by 15% from the Initial Level of 100.00 to the Final Level of 85.00. Because the Final Level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index is greater than the Trigger Level and its Coupon Barrier, the investor receives at maturity, in addition to any Contingent Coupon otherwise due on the Notes, a cash payment of $1,000 per Note, despite the 15% decline in the level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index.

Example 3: The level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index is 50.00 on the Valuation Date, which is less than the Trigger Level and Coupon Barrier of 70.00. Because the Final Level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index is less than the Trigger Level, the final Contingent Coupon will not be payable on the Maturity Date, and we will pay only $500.00 for each $1,000 in the principal amount of the Notes, calculated as follows:

Principal Amount + (Principal Amount x Percentage Change of the Lesser Performing Reference Index)

= $1,000 + ($1,000 x -50.00%) = $1,000 - $500.00 = $500.00

The Payments at Maturity shown above are entirely hypothetical; they are based on levels of the Reference Indices that may not be achieved on the Valuation Date and on assumptions that may prove to be erroneous. The actual market value of your Notes on the Maturity Date or at any other time, including any time you may wish to sell your Notes, may bear little relation to the hypothetical Payments at Maturity shown above, and those amounts should not be viewed as an indication of the financial return on an investment in the Notes or on an investment in the securities included in any Reference Index.

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	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

SELECTED RISK FACTORS

An investment in the Notes involves significant risks. Investing in the Notes is not equivalent to investing directly in the securities included in any Reference Index. These risks are explained in more detail in the section “Risk Factors” in the product prospectus supplement. In addition to the risks described in the prospectus supplement and the product prospectus supplement, you should consider the following:

Principal at Risk — Investors in the Notes could lose some or all of their principal amount if there is a decline in the levels of any of the Reference Indices between the Trade Date and the Valuation Date. If the Final Level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index on the Valuation Date is less than the Trigger Level, the amount of cash that you receive at maturity will represent a loss of your principal that is proportionate to the decline in the closing level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index from the Trade Date to the Valuation Date. Any Contingent Coupons received on the Notes prior to the maturity date may not be sufficient to compensate for any such loss.

You May Not Receive any Contingent Coupons — We will not necessarily make any coupon payments on the Notes. If the closing level of any of the Reference Indices on an Observation Date is less than the Coupon Barrier, we will not pay you the Contingent Coupon applicable to that Observation Date. If the closing level of any of the Reference Indices is less than its Coupon Barrier on each of the Observation Dates and on the Valuation Date, we will not pay you any Contingent Coupons during the term of, and you will not receive a positive return on, your Notes. Generally, this non-payment of the Contingent Coupon coincides with a period of greater risk of principal loss on your Notes. Accordingly, if we do not pay the Contingent Coupon on the Maturity Date, you will also incur a loss of principal, because the Final Level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index will be less than the Trigger Level.

Your Payments on the Notes May Be Determined Solely by Reference to the Lesser Performing Reference Index Even if the Other Reference Index Performs Better — If the Final Level of one of the Reference Indices is less than its applicable Trigger Level, your return will be determined by reference to the performance of the Lesser Performing Reference Index. Even if the Final Level of the other Reference Index has increased compared to their Initial Levels, or have experienced a decrease that is less than that of the Lesser Performing Reference Index, your return will only be determined by reference to the performance of the Lesser Performing Reference Index, regardless of the performance of the other Reference Index.

Your Payment on the Notes Will Be Determined by Reference to Each Reference Index Individually, Not to a Basket, and the Payment at Maturity Will Be Based on the Performance of the Lesser Performing Reference Index — The Payment at Maturity will be determined only by reference to the performance of the Lesser Performing Reference Index, regardless of the performance of the other Reference Index. The Notes are not linked to a weighted basket, in which the risk may be mitigated and diversified among each of the basket components. For example, in the case of notes linked to a weighted basket, the return would depend on the weighted aggregate performance of the basket components reflected as the basket return. As a result, the depreciation of one basket component could be mitigated by the appreciation of the other basket components, as scaled by the weighting of that basket component. However, in the case of the Notes, the individual performance of each of the Reference Indices would not be combined, and the depreciation of one Reference Index would not be mitigated by any appreciation of the other Reference Index. Instead, your return will depend solely on the Final Level of the Lesser Performing Reference Index.

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	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

The Contingent Coupon Feature Limits Your Potential Return — The return potential of the Notes is limited to the pre-specified Contingent Coupon Rate, regardless of the appreciation of the Reference Indices. The total return on the Notes will vary based on the number of Observation Dates on which the Contingent Coupon becomes payable prior to maturity. You may be subject to the full downside performance of the Reference Index even though your potential return is limited to the Contingent Coupon Rate. As a result, the return on an investment in the Notes could be less than the return on a direct investment in the securities represented by the Reference Indices.

Your Return May Be Lower than the Return on a Conventional Debt Security of Comparable Maturity — The return that you will receive on the Notes, which could be negative, may be less than the return you could earn on other investments. Even if your return is positive, your return may be less than the return you would earn if you bought one of our conventional senior interest bearing debt securities.

Payments on the Notes Are Subject to Our Credit Risk, and Changes in Our Credit Ratings Are Expected to Affect the Market Value of the Notes — The Notes are our senior unsecured debt securities. As a result, your receipt of the Contingent Coupon payments, if payable, and the amount due on the maturity date is dependent upon our ability to repay our obligations on the applicable payment dates. This will be the case even if the levels of the Reference Indices increase after the Trade Date. No assurance can be given as to what our financial condition will be at any time during the term of the Notes.

There May Not Be an Active Trading Market for the Notes—Sales in the Secondary Market May Result in Significant Losses — There may be little or no secondary market for the Notes. The Notes will not be listed on any securities exchange. RBCCM and other affiliates of ours may make a market for the Notes; however, they are not required to do so. RBCCM or any other of our affiliates may stop any market-making activities at any time. Even if a secondary market for the Notes develops, it may not provide significant liquidity or trade at prices advantageous to you. We expect that transaction costs in any secondary market would be high. As a result, the difference between bid and asked prices for your Notes in any secondary market could be substantial.

You Will Not Have Any Rights to the Constituent Stocks Included in any Reference Index — Investing in the Notes will not make you a holder of any of the constituent stocks of any of the Reference Indices. As a holder of the Notes, you will not have voting rights or rights to receive cash dividends or other distributions or other rights that holders of the constituent stocks included in any of the Reference Indices would have. The payments on the Notes will not reflect any dividends paid on the securities included in the Reference Indices.

The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Is Less than the Price to the Public – The initial estimated value set forth on the cover page of this pricing supplement does not represent a minimum price at which we, RBCCM or any of our affiliates would be willing to purchase the Notes in any secondary market (if any exists) at any time. If you attempt to sell the Notes prior to maturity, their market value may be lower than the price you paid for them and the initial estimated value. This is due to, among other things, changes in the levels of the Reference Indices, the borrowing rate we pay to issue securities of this kind, and the inclusion in the price to the public of the underwriting discount and the estimated costs relating to our hedging of the Notes. These factors, together with various credit, market and economic factors over the term of the Notes, are expected to reduce the price at which you may be able to sell the Notes in any secondary market and will affect the value of the Notes in complex and unpredictable ways. Assuming no change in market conditions or any other relevant factors, the price, if any, at which you may be able to sell your Notes prior to maturity may be less than your original purchase price, as any such sale price would not be expected to include the underwriting discount and the hedging costs relating to the Notes. In addition to bid-ask spreads, the value of the Notes determined for any secondary market price is

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	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

expected to be based on the secondary rate rather than the internal funding rate used to price the Notes and determine the initial estimated value. As a result, the secondary price will be less than if the internal funding rate was used. The Notes are not designed to be short-term trading instruments. Accordingly, you should be able and willing to hold your Notes to maturity.

The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes on the Cover Page of this Pricing Supplement Is an Estimate Only, Calculated as of the Time the Terms of the Notes Were Set – The initial estimated value of the Notes is based on the value of our obligation to make the payments on the Notes, together with the mid-market value of the derivative embedded in the terms of the Notes. See “Structuring the Notes” below. Our estimate is based on a variety of assumptions, including our credit spreads, expectations as to dividends, interest rates and volatility, and the expected term of the Notes. These assumptions are based on certain forecasts about future events, which may prove to be incorrect. Other entities may value the Notes or similar securities at a price that is significantly different than we do.

The value of the Notes at any time after the Trade Date will vary based on many factors, including changes in market conditions, and cannot be predicted with accuracy. As a result, the actual value you would receive if you sold the Notes in any secondary market, if any, should be expected to differ materially from the initial estimated value of your Notes.

Inconsistent Research —We or our affiliates may issue research reports on securities that are, or may become, components of the Reference Indices. We may also publish research from time to time on financial markets and other matters that may influence the levels of the Reference Indices or the value of the Notes, or express opinions or provide recommendations that may be inconsistent with purchasing or holding the Notes or with the investment view implicit in the Notes or the Reference Indices. You should make your own independent investigation of the merits of investing in the Notes and the Reference Indices.

The RTY Consists of Stocks Issued by Companies with Relatively Small Market Capitalizations. These companies often have greater stock price volatility, lower trading volume and less liquidity than large-capitalization companies. As a result, the level of the RTY may be more volatile than that of a market measure that does not track solely small-capitalization stocks. Stock prices of small-capitalization companies are also generally more vulnerable than those of large-capitalization companies to adverse business and economic developments, and the stocks of small-capitalization companies may be thinly traded, and be less attractive to many investors if they do not pay dividends. In addition, small capitalization companies are often less well-established and less stable financially than large-capitalization companies and may depend on a small number of key personnel, making them more vulnerable to loss of those individuals. Small capitalization companies tend to have lower revenues, less diverse product lines, smaller shares of their target markets, fewer financial resources and fewer competitive strengths than large-capitalization companies. These companies may also be more susceptible to adverse developments related to their products or services.

Market Disruption Events and Adjustments – The payment dates are subject to adjustment as described in the product prospectus supplement. For a description of what constitutes a market disruption event as well as the consequences of that market disruption event, see “General Terms of the Notes—Market Disruption Events” in the product prospectus supplement.

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	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

INFORMATION REGARDING THE REFERENCE INDICES

All disclosures contained in this pricing supplement regarding the Reference Indices, including, without limitation, their make-up, method of calculation, and changes in their components, have been derived from publicly available sources. The information reflects the policies of, and is subject to change by, the applicable index sponsor. Each of these sponsors has no obligation to continue to publish, and may discontinue publication of, the applicable Reference Index. The consequences of an index sponsor discontinuing publication of a Reference Index are discussed in the section of the product prospectus supplement entitled “General Terms of the Notes—Unavailability of the Level of a Reference Index.” Neither we nor RBCCM accepts any responsibility for the calculation, maintenance or publication of any Reference Index or any successor index.

We obtained the information regarding the historical performance of each Reference Index set forth below from Bloomberg Financial Markets.

The SPX

The SPX is intended to provide an indication of the pattern of common stock price movement. The calculation of the level of the SPX is based on the relative value of the aggregate market value of the common stocks of 500 companies as of a particular time compared to the aggregate average market value of the common stocks of 500 similar companies during the base period of the years 1941 through 1943.

S&P calculates the SPX by reference to the prices of the constituent stocks of the SPX without taking account of the value of dividends paid on those stocks. As a result, the return on the Notes will not reflect the return you would realize if you actually owned the SPX constituent stocks and received the dividends paid on those stocks.

Effective with the September 2015 rebalance, consolidated share class lines will no longer be included in the SPX. Each share class line will be subject to public float and liquidity criteria individually, but the company’s total market capitalization will be used to evaluate each share class line. This may result in one listed share class line of a company being included in the SPX while a second listed share class line of the same company is excluded.

Computation of the SPX

While S&P currently employs the following methodology to calculate the SPX, no assurance can be given that S&P will not modify or change this methodology in a manner that may affect the Payment at Maturity.

Historically, the market value of any component stock of the SPX was calculated as the product of the market price per share and the number of then outstanding shares of such component stock. In March 2005, S&P began shifting the SPX halfway from a market capitalization weighted formula to a float-adjusted formula, before moving the SPX to full float adjustment on September 16, 2005. S&P’s criteria for selecting stocks for the SPX did not change with the shift to float adjustment. However, the adjustment affects each company’s weight in the SPX.

Under float adjustment, the share counts used in calculating the SPX reflect only those shares that are available to investors, not all of a company’s outstanding shares. Float adjustment excludes shares that are closely held by control groups, other publicly traded companies or government agencies.

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	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

In September 2012, all shareholdings representing more than 5% of a stock’s outstanding shares, other than holdings by “block owners,” were removed from the float for purposes of calculating the SPX. Generally, these “control holders” will include officers and directors, private equity, venture capital and special equity firms, other publicly traded companies that hold shares for control, strategic partners, holders of restricted shares, ESOPs, employee and family trusts, foundations associated with the company, holders of unlisted share classes of stock, government entities at all levels (other than government retirement/pension funds) and any individual person who controls a 5% or greater stake in a company as reported in regulatory filings. However, holdings by block owners, such as depositary banks, pension funds, mutual funds and ETF providers, 401(k) plans of the company, government retirement/pension funds, investment funds of insurance companies, asset managers and investment funds, independent foundations and savings and investment plans, will ordinarily be considered part of the float.

Treasury stock, stock options equity participation units, warrants, preferred stock, convertible stock, and rights are not part of the float. Shares held in a trust to allow investors in countries outside the country of domicile, such as depositary shares and Canadian exchangeable shares are normally part of the float unless those shares form a control block.

For each stock, an investable weight factor (“IWF”) is calculated by dividing the available float shares by the total shares outstanding. Available float shares are defined as the total shares outstanding less shares held by control holders. This calculation is subject to a 5% minimum threshold for control blocks. For example, if a company’s officers and directors hold 3% of the company’s shares, and no other control group holds 5% of the company’s shares, S&P would assign that company an IWF of 1.00, as no control group meets the 5% threshold. However, if a company’s officers and directors hold 3% of the company’s shares and another control group holds 20% of the company’s shares, S&P would assign an IWF of 0.77, reflecting the fact that 23% of the company’s outstanding shares are considered to be held for control. As of July 31, 2017, companies with multiple share class lines are no longer eligible for inclusion in the Reference Index. Constituents of the Reference Index prior to July 31, 2017 with multiple share class lines will be grandfathered in and continue to be included in the Reference Index. If a constituent company of the Reference Index reorganizes into a multiple share class line structure, that company will remain in the Reference Index at the discretion of the S&P Index Committee in order to minimize turnover.

The SPX is calculated using a base-weighted aggregate methodology. The level of the SPX reflects the total market value of all 500 component stocks relative to the base period of the years 1941 through 1943. An indexed number is used to represent the results of this calculation in order to make the level easier to use and track over time. The actual total market value of the component stocks during the base period of the years 1941 through 1943 has been set to an indexed level of 10. This is often indicated by the notation 1941-43 = 10. In practice, the daily calculation of the SPX is computed by dividing the total market value of the component stocks by the “index divisor.” By itself, the index divisor is an arbitrary number. However, in the context of the calculation of the SPX, it serves as a link to the original base period level of the SPX. The index divisor keeps the SPX comparable over time and is the manipulation point for all adjustments to the SPX, which is index maintenance.

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	Contingent Coupon Barrier Notes Royal Bank of Canada

Index Maintenance

Index maintenance includes monitoring and completing the adjustments for company additions and deletions, share changes, stock splits, stock dividends, and stock price adjustments due to company restructuring or spinoffs. Some corporate actions, such as stock splits and stock dividends, require changes in the common shares outstanding and the stock prices of the companies in the SPX, and do not require index divisor adjustments.

To prevent the level of the SPX from changing due to corporate actions, corporate actions which affect the total market value of the SPX require an index divisor adjustment. By adjusting the index divisor for the change in market value, the level of the SPX remains constant and does not reflect the corporate actions of individual companies in the SPX. Index divisor adjustments are made after the close of trading and after the calculation of the SPX closing level.

Changes in a company’s total shares outstanding of 5% or more due to public offerings are made as soon as reasonably possible. Other changes of 5% or more (for example, due to tender offers, Dutch auctions, voluntary exchange offers, company stock repurchases, private placements, acquisitions of private companies or non-index companies that do not trade on a major exchange, redemptions, exercise of options, warrants, conversion of preferred stock, notes, debt, equity participations, at-the-market stock offerings or other recapitalizations) are made weekly, and are generally announced on Fridays for implementation after the close of trading the following Friday (one week later). If a 5% or more share change causes a company’s IWF to change by five percentage points or more, the IWF is updated at the same time as the share change. IWF changes resulting from partial tender offers are considered on a case-by-case basis.

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License Agreement

S&P^®is a registered trademark of Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“S&P”) and Dow Jones^® is a registered trademark of Dow Jones Trademark Holdings LLC (“Dow Jones”). These trademarks have been licensed for use by S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC. “Standard & Poor’s^®”, “S&P 500^®” and “S&P^®” are trademarks of S&P. These trademarks have been sublicensed for certain purposes by us. The SPX is a product of S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC and/or its affiliates and has been licensed for use by us.

The Notes are not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC, Dow Jones, S&P or any of their respective affiliates (collectively, “S&P Dow Jones Indices”). S&P Dow Jones Indices make no representation or warranty, express or implied, to the holders of the Notes or any member of the public regarding the advisability of investing in securities generally or in the Notes particularly or the ability of the SPX to track general market performance. S&P Dow Jones Indices’ only relationship to us with respect to the SPX is the licensing of the SPX and certain trademarks, service marks and/or trade names of S&P Dow Jones Indices and/or its third party licensors. The SPX is determined, composed and calculated by S&P Dow Jones Indices without regard to us or the Notes. S&P Dow Jones Indices have no obligation to take our needs or the needs of holders of the Notes into consideration in determining, composing or calculating the SPX. S&P Dow Jones Indices are not responsible for and have not participated in the determination of the prices, and amount of the Notes or the timing of the issuance or sale of the Notes or in the determination or calculation of the equation by which the Notes are to be converted into cash. S&P Dow Jones Indices have no obligation or liability in connection with the administration, marketing or trading of the Notes. There is no assurance that investment products based on the SPX will accurately track index performance or provide positive investment returns. S&P Dow Jones Indices LLC and its subsidiaries are not investment advisors. Inclusion of a security or futures contract within an index is not a recommendation by S&P Dow Jones Indices to buy, sell, or hold such security or futures contract, nor is it considered to be investment advice. Notwithstanding the foregoing, CME Group Inc. and its affiliates may independently issue and/or sponsor financial products unrelated to the Notes currently being issued by us, but which may be similar to and competitive with the Notes. In addition, CME Group Inc. and its affiliates may trade financial products which are linked to the performance of the SPX. It is possible that this trading activity will affect the value of the Notes.

S&P DOW JONES INDICES DO NOT GUARANTEE THE ADEQUACY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS AND/OR THE COMPLETENESS OF THE SPX OR ANY DATA RELATED THERETO OR ANY COMMUNICATION, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ORAL OR WRITTEN COMMUNICATION (INCLUDING ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS) WITH RESPECT THERETO. S&P DOW JONES INDICES SHALL NOT BE SUBJECT TO ANY DAMAGES OR LIABILITY FOR ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR DELAYS THEREIN. S&P DOW JONES INDICES MAKE NO EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE OR AS TO RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED BY US, HOLDERS OF THE NOTES, OR ANY OTHER PERSON OR ENTITY FROM THE USE OF THE SPX OR WITH RESPECT TO ANY DATA RELATED THERETO. WITHOUT LIMITING ANY OF THE FOREGOING, IN NO EVENT WHATSOEVER SHALL S&P DOW JONES INDICES BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, PUNITIVE, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOSS OF PROFITS, TRADING LOSSES, LOST TIME OR GOODWILL, EVEN IF THEY HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR OTHERWISE. THERE ARE NO THIRD PARTY BENEFICIARIES OF ANY AGREEMENTS OR ARRANGEMENTS BETWEEN S&P DOW JONES INDICES AND US, OTHER THAN THE LICENSORS OF S&P DOW JONES INDICES.

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Russell 2000^®Index (“RTY”)

The RTY was developed by Russell Investments (“Russell”) before FTSE International Limited and Russell combined in 2015 to create FTSE Russell, which is wholly owned by London Stock Exchange Group. Russell began dissemination of the RTY (Bloomberg L.P. index symbol “RTY”) on January 1, 1984. FTSE Russell calculates and publishes the RTY. The RTY was set to 135 as of the close of business on December 31, 1986. The RTY is designed to track the performance of the small capitalization segment of the U.S. equity market. As a subset of the Russell 3000^® Index, the RTY consists of the smallest 2,000 companies included in the Russell 3000^® Index. The Russell 3000^® Index measures the performance of the largest 3,000 U.S. companies, representing approximately 98% of the investable U.S. equity market. The RTY is determined, comprised, and calculated by FTSE Russell without regard to the Notes.

Selection of Stocks Underlying the RTY

All companies eligible for inclusion in the RTY must be classified as a U.S. company under FTSE Russell’s country-assignment methodology. If a company is incorporated, has a stated headquarters location, and trades in the same country (American Depositary Receipts and American Depositary Shares are not eligible), then the company is assigned to its country of incorporation. If any of the three factors are not the same, FTSE Russell defines three Home Country Indicators (“HCIs”): country of incorporation, country of headquarters, and country of the most liquid exchange (as defined by a two-year average daily dollar trading volume) (“ADDTV”) from all exchanges within a country. Using the HCIs, FTSE Russell compares the primary location of the company’s assets with the three HCIs. If the primary location of its assets matches any of the HCIs, then the company is assigned to the primary location of its assets. If there is insufficient information to determine the country in which the company’s assets are primarily located, FTSE Russell will use the primary country from which the company’s revenues are primarily derived for the comparison with the three HCIs in a similar manner. FTSE Russell uses the average of two years of assets or revenues data to reduce potential turnover. If conclusive country details cannot be derived from assets or revenues data, FTSE Russell will assign the company to the country of its headquarters, which is defined as the address of the company’s principal executive offices, unless that country is a Benefit Driven Incorporation “BDI” country, in which case the company will be assigned to the country of its most liquid stock exchange. BDI countries include: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bonaire, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Channel Islands, Cook Islands, Curacao, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey, Liberia, Marshall Islands, Panama, Saba, Sint Eustatius, Sint Maarten, and Turks and Caicos Islands. For any companies incorporated or headquartered in a U.S. territory, including countries such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and U.S. Virgin Islands, a U.S. HCI is assigned.

All securities eligible for inclusion in the RTY must trade on a major U.S. exchange. Stocks must have a closing price at or above $1.00 on their primary exchange on the last trading day in May to be eligible for inclusion during annual reconstitution. However, in order to reduce unnecessary turnover, if an existing member’s closing price is less than $1.00 on the last day of May, it will be considered eligible if the average of the daily closing prices (from its primary exchange) during the month of May is equal to or greater than $1.00. Initial public offerings are added each quarter and must have a closing price at or above $1.00 on the last day of their eligibility period in order to qualify for index inclusion. If an existing stock does not trade on the “rank day” (typically the last trading day in May, but a confirmed timetable is

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announced each spring), but does have a closing price at or above $1.00 on another eligible U.S. exchange, that stock will be eligible for inclusion.

An important criterion used to determine the list of securities eligible for the RTY is total market capitalization, which is defined as the market price as of the rank day in May for those securities being considered at annual reconstitution times the total number of shares outstanding. Where applicable, common stock, non-restricted exchangeable shares and partnership units/membership interests are used to determine market capitalization. Any other form of shares such as preferred stock, convertible preferred stock, redeemable shares, participating preferred stock, warrants, rights, installment receipts or trust receipts, are excluded from the calculation. If multiple share classes of common stock exist, they are combined to determine total shares outstanding. In cases where the common stock share classes act independently of each other (e.g., tracking stocks), each class is considered for inclusion separately. If multiple share classes exist, the pricing vehicle will be designated as the share class with the highest two-year trading volume as of the rank day in May.

Companies with a total market capitalization of less than $30 million are not eligible for the RTY. Similarly, companies with only 5% or less of their shares available in the marketplace are not eligible for the RTY. Royalty trusts, limited liability companies, closed-end investment companies (companies that are required to report Acquired Fund Fees and Expenses, as defined by the SEC, including business development companies), blank check companies, special purpose acquisition companies, and limited partnerships are also ineligible for inclusion. Exchange traded funds and mutual funds are also excluded. Bulletin board, pink sheets, and over-the-counter (“OTC”) traded securities are not eligible for inclusion.

Annual reconstitution is a process by which the RTY is completely rebuilt. Based on closing levels of the company’s common stock on its primary exchange on the rank day of May of each year, FTSE Russell reconstitutes the composition of the RTY using the then existing market capitalizations of eligible companies. Reconstitution of the RTY occurs on the last Friday in June or, when the last Friday in June is the 29th or 30th, reconstitution occurs on the prior Friday. In addition, FTSE Russell adds initial public offerings to the RTY on a quarterly basis based on total market capitalization ranking within the market-adjusted capitalization breaks established during the most recent reconstitution.

After membership is determined, a security’s shares are adjusted to include only those shares available to the public. This is often referred to as “free float.” The purpose of the adjustment is to exclude from market calculations the capitalization that is not available for purchase and is not part of the investable opportunity set.

License Agreement

FTSE Russell and Royal Bank have entered into a non-exclusive license agreement providing for the license to Royal Bank, and certain of its affiliates, in exchange for a fee, of the right to use indices owned and published by FTSE Russell in connection with some securities, including the Notes.

FTSE Russell does not guarantee the accuracy and/or the completeness of the RTY or any data included in the RTY and has no liability for any errors, omissions, or interruptions in the RTY. FTSE Russell makes no warranty, express or implied, as to results to be obtained by the calculation agent, holders of the Notes, or any other person or entity from the use of the RTY or any data included in the RTY in connection with the rights licensed under the license agreement described in this document or for any other use. FTSE Russell makes no express or implied warranties, and hereby expressly disclaims all

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warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose with respect to the RTY or any data included in the RTY. Without limiting any of the above information, in no event will FTSE Russell have any liability for any special, punitive, indirect or consequential damages, including lost profits, even if notified of the possibility of these damages.

The Notes are not sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by FTSE Russell. FTSE Russell makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, to the owners of the Notes or any member of the public regarding the advisability of investing in securities generally or in the Notes particularly or the ability of the RTY to track general stock market performance or a segment of the same. FTSE Russell’s publication of the RTY in no way suggests or implies an opinion by FTSE Russell as to the advisability of investment in any or all of the stocks upon which the RTY is based. FTSE Russell's only relationship to Royal Bank is the licensing of certain trademarks and trade names of FTSE Russell and of the RTY, which is determined, composed and calculated by FTSE Russell without regard to Royal Bank or the Notes. FTSE Russell is not responsible for and has not reviewed the Notes nor any associated literature or publications and FTSE Russell makes no representation or warranty express or implied as to their accuracy or completeness, or otherwise. FTSE Russell reserves the right, at any time and without notice, to alter, amend, terminate or in any way change the RTY. FTSE Russell has no obligation or liability in connection with the administration, marketing or trading of the Notes.

“Russell 2000^®” and “Russell 3000^®” are registered trademarks of FTSE Russell in the U.S. and other countries.

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HISTORICAL INFORMATION

Each graph below sets forth the information relating to the historical performance of the applicable Reference Index. In addition, below each graph is a table setting forth the intra-day high, intra-day low and period-end closing levels of each of the Reference Indices. The information provided in these tables is for the four calendar quarters of 2008 through 2017, and the period from January 1, 2018 through October 29, 2018.

We obtained the information regarding the historical performance of the Reference Indices in the charts below from Bloomberg Financial Markets.

We have not independently investigated the accuracy or completeness of the information obtained from Bloomberg Financial Markets. The historical performance of the Reference Indices should not be taken as an indication of their future performance, and no assurance can be given as to the Final Level of any Reference Index. We cannot give you assurance that the performance of any of the Reference Indices will not result in the loss of all or a portion of your investment in the Notes.

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Historical Information (SPX)

Below is a table setting forth the intra-day high, intra-day low and period-end closing levels of this Reference Index. The information provided in the table is for the period from January 1, 2008 through October 29, 2018.

Period- Start Date	Period-End Date	High Intra-Day Level of this Reference Index	Low Intra-Day Level of this Reference Index	Period-End Closing Level of this Reference Index
1/1/2008	3/31/2008	1,471.77	1,256.98	1,322.70
4/1/2008	6/30/2008	1,440.24	1,272.00	1,280.00
7/1/2008	9/30/2008	1,313.15	1,106.39	1,166.36
10/1/2008	12/31/2008	1,167.03	741.02	890.64
1/1/2009	3/31/2009	943.85	666.79	797.87
4/1/2009	6/30/2009	956.23	783.32	919.32
7/1/2009	9/30/2009	1,080.15	869.32	1,057.08
10/1/2009	12/31/2009	1,130.38	1,019.95	1,126.20
1/1/2010	3/31/2010	1,180.69	1,044.50	1,169.43
4/1/2010	6/30/2010	1,219.80	1,028.33	1,030.71
7/1/2010	9/30/2010	1,157.16	1,010.91	1,141.20
10/1/2010	12/31/2010	1,262.60	1,131.87	1,257.88
1/1/2011	3/31/2011	1,344.07	1,249.05	1,325.83
4/1/2011	6/30/2011	1,370.58	1,258.07	1,320.64
7/1/2011	9/30/2011	1,356.48	1,101.54	1,131.42
10/1/2011	12/31/2011	1,292.66	1,074.77	1,257.61
1/1/2012	3/31/2012	1,419.15	1,258.86	1,408.47
4/1/2012	6/30/2012	1,422.38	1,266.74	1,362.16
7/1/2012	9/30/2012	1,474.51	1,325.41	1,440.67
10/1/2012	12/31/2012	1,470.96	1,343.35	1,426.19
1/1/2013	3/31/2013	1,570.28	1,426.19	1,569.19
4/1/2013	6/30/2013	1,687.18	1,536.03	1,606.28
7/1/2013	9/30/2013	1,729.86	1,604.57	1,681.55
10/1/2013	12/31/2013	1,849.44	1,646.47	1,848.36
1/1/2014	3/31/2014	1,883.97	1,737.92	1,872.34
4/1/2014	6/30/2014	1,968.17	1,814.36	1,960.23
7/1/2014	9/30/2014	2,019.26	1,904.78	1,972.29
10/1/2014	12/31/2014	2,093.55	1,820.66	2,058.90
1/1/2015	3/31/2015	2,119.59	1,980.90	2,067.89
4/1/2015	6/30/2015	2,134.72	2,048.38	2,063.11
7/1/2015	9/30/2015	2,132.82	1,867.01	1,920.03
10/1/2015	12/31/2015	2,116.48	1,893.70	2,043.94
1/1/2016	3/31/2016	2,072.21	1,810.10	2,059.74
4/1/2016	6/30/2016	2,120.55	1,991.68	2,098.86
7/1/2016	9/30/2016	2,193.81	2,074.02	2,168.27
10/1/2016	12/31/2016	2,277.53	2,083.79	2,238.83
1/1/2017	3/31/2017	2,400.98	2,245.13	2,362.72
4/1/2017	6/30/2017	2,453.82	2,328.95	2,423.41
7/1/2017	9/30/2017	2,519.44	2,407.70	2,519.36
10/1/2017	12/31/2017	2,694.97	2,520.40	2,673.61
1/1/2018	3/31/2018	2,872.87	2,532.69	2,640.87
4/1/2018	6/30/2018	2,791.47	2,553.80	2,718.37
7/1/2018	9/28/2018	2,940.91	2,698.95	2,913.98
10/1/2018	10/29/2018	2,939.86	2,628.16	2,641.25

PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS.

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The graph below illustrates the performance of this Reference Index from January 1, 2008 to October 29, 2018, reflecting its Initial Level of 2,641.25. The red line represents the Trigger Level of 1,848.88, which is equal to 70.00% of its Initial Level (rounded to two decimal places).

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Historical Information (RTY)

Period- Start Date	Period-End Date	High Intra-Day Level of this Reference Index	Low Intra-Day Level of this Reference Index	Period-End Closing Level of this Reference Index
1/1/2008	3/31/2008	768.460	643.280	687.967
4/1/2008	6/30/2008	763.270	684.880	689.659
7/1/2008	9/30/2008	764.380	647.370	679.583
10/1/2008	12/31/2008	679.570	371.260	482.770
1/1/2009	3/31/2009	519.180	342.570	422.748
4/1/2009	6/30/2009	535.850	412.770	508.282
7/1/2009	9/30/2009	625.310	473.540	604.278
10/1/2009	12/31/2009	635.990	553.320	633.178
1/1/2010	3/31/2010	693.320	580.490	678.643
4/1/2010	6/30/2010	745.950	607.300	609.486
7/1/2010	9/30/2010	678.900	587.600	676.139
10/1/2010	12/31/2010	793.280	669.430	789.737
1/1/2011	3/31/2011	843.730	771.710	843.548
4/1/2011	6/30/2011	868.570	772.620	827.429
7/1/2011	9/30/2011	860.370	634.710	644.156
10/1/2011	12/31/2011	769.460	601.710	740.916
1/1/2012	3/31/2012	847.920	736.780	830.301
4/1/2012	6/30/2012	841.060	729.750	798.487
7/1/2012	9/30/2012	868.500	765.050	837.450
10/1/2012	12/31/2012	853.570	763.550	849.350
1/1/2013	3/31/2013	954.000	849.330	951.542
4/1/2013	6/30/2013	1,008.230	898.400	977.475
7/1/2013	9/30/2013	1,082.000	981.300	1,073.786
10/1/2013	12/31/2013	1,167.960	1,037.860	1,163.637
1/1/2014	3/31/2014	1,212.823	1,082.717	1,173.038
4/1/2014	6/30/2014	1,193.964	1,082.531	1,192.964
7/1/2014	9/30/2014	1,213.550	1,101.675	1,101.676
10/1/2014	12/31/2014	1,221.442	1,040.472	1,204.696
1/1/2015	3/31/2015	1,268.162	1,151.295	1,252.772
4/1/2015	6/30/2015	1,295.996	1,211.126	1,253.947
7/1/2015	9/30/2015	1,275.899	1,078.633	1,100.688
10/1/2015	12/31/2015	1,205.079	1,080.606	1,135.889
1/1/2016	3/31/2016	1,134.078	943.097	1,114.028
4/1/2016	6/30/2016	1,190.172	1,085.883	1,151.923
7/1/2016	9/30/2016	1,263.460	1,131.713	1,251.646
10/1/2016	12/31/2016	1,392.714	1,156.085	1,357.130
1/1/2017	3/31/2017	1,414.824	1,335.038	1,385.920
4/1/2017	6/30/2017	1,433.790	1,345.244	1,415.359
7/1/2017	9/30/2017	1,493.555	1,349.354	1,490.861
10/1/2017	12/31/2017	1,559.607	1,454.165	1,535.511
1/1/2018	3/31/2018	1,615.517	1,436.427	1,529.427
4/1/2018	6/30/2018	1,708.098	1,482.897	1,643.069
7/1/2018	9/28/2018	1,742.089	1,631.056	1,696.571
10/1/2018	10/29/2018	1,703.809	1,459.164	1,477.306

PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS.

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The graph below illustrates the performance of this Reference Index from January 1, 2008 to October 29, 2018, reflecting its Initial Level of 1,477.306. The red line represents the Trigger Level of 1,034.114, which is equal to 70.00% of its Initial Level (rounded to three decimal places).

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SUPPLEMENTAL DISCUSSION OF

U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES

The following disclosure supplements, and to the extent inconsistent supersedes, the discussion in the product prospectus supplement dated September 10, 2018 under “Supplemental Discussion of U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences.”

Under Section 871(m) of the Code, a “dividend equivalent” payment is treated as a dividend from sources within the United States. Such payments generally would be subject to a 30% U.S. withholding tax if paid to a non-U.S. holder. Under U.S. Treasury Department regulations, payments (including deemed payments) with respect to equity-linked instruments (“ELIs”) that are “specified ELIs” may be treated as dividend equivalents if such specified ELIs reference an interest in an “underlying security,” which is generally any interest in an entity taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes if a payment with respect to such interest could give rise to a U.S. source dividend. However, the IRS has issued guidance that states that the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS intend to amend the effective dates of the U.S. Treasury Department regulations to provide that withholding on dividend equivalent payments will not apply to specified ELIs that are not delta-one instruments and that are issued before January 1, 2021. Based on our determination that the Notes are not delta-one instruments, non-U.S. holders should not be subject to withholding on dividend equivalent payments, if any, under the Notes. However, it is possible that the Notes could be treated as deemed reissued for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon the occurrence of certain events affecting the Reference Indices or the Notes (for example, upon a Reference Index rebalancing) and following such occurrence the Notes could be treated as subject to withholding on dividend equivalent payments. Non-U.S. holders that enter, or have entered, into other transactions in respect of the Reference Indices or the Notes should consult their tax advisors as to the application of the dividend equivalent withholding tax in the context of the Notes and their other transactions. If any payments are treated as dividend equivalents subject to withholding, we (or the applicable withholding agent) would be entitled to withhold taxes without being required to pay any additional amounts with respect to amounts so withheld.

SUPPLEMENTAL PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION (CONFLICTS OF INTEREST)

Delivery of the Notes will be made against payment for the Notes on October 31, 2018, which is the second (2nd) business day following the Trade Date (this settlement cycle being referred to as “T+2”). See “Plan of Distribution” in the prospectus dated September 7, 2018. For additional information as to the relationship between us and RBCCM, please see the section “Plan of Distribution—Conflicts of Interest” in the prospectus dated September 7, 2018.

In the initial offering of the Notes, they will be offered to investors at a purchase price equal to par, except with respect to certain accounts as indicated on the cover page of this document.

The value of the Notes shown on your account statement may be based on RBCCM’s estimate of the value of the Notes if RBCCM or another of our affiliates were to make a market in the Notes (which it is not obligated to do). That estimate will be based upon the price that RBCCM may pay for the Notes in light of then prevailing market conditions, our creditworthiness and transaction costs. For a period of approximately 12 months after the issue date of the Notes, the value of the Notes that may be shown on your account statement may be higher than RBCCM’s estimated value of the Notes at that time. This is because the estimated value of the Notes will not include the underwriting discount and our hedging costs and profits; however, the value of the Notes shown on your account statement during that period may be a higher amount, reflecting the addition of RBCCM’s underwriting discount and our estimated costs and profits from hedging the Notes. This excess is expected to decrease over time until the end of this period. After this period, if RBCCM repurchases your Notes, it expects to do so at prices that reflect their estimated value.

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STRUCTURING THE NOTES

The Notes are our debt securities, the return on which is linked to the performance of each of the Reference Indices. As is the case for all of our debt securities, including our structured notes, the economic terms of the Notes reflect our actual or perceived creditworthiness at the time of pricing. In addition, because structured notes result in increased operational, funding and liability management costs to us, we typically borrow the funds under these Notes at a rate that is more favorable to us than the rate that we might pay for a conventional fixed or floating rate debt security of comparable maturity. Using this relatively lower implied borrowing rate rather than the secondary market rate, is a factor that reduced the initial estimated value of the Notes at the time their terms were set. Unlike the estimated value included in this pricing supplement, any value of the Notes determined for purposes of a secondary market transaction may be based on a different funding rate, which may result in a lower value for the Notes than if our initial internal funding rate were used.

In order to satisfy our payment obligations under the Notes, we may choose to enter into certain hedging arrangements (which may include call options, put options or other derivatives) on the issue date with RBCCM or one of our other subsidiaries. The terms of these hedging arrangements take into account a number of factors, including our creditworthiness, interest rate movements, the volatility of the Reference Indices, and the tenor of the Notes. The economic terms of the Notes and their initial estimated value depend in part on the terms of these hedging arrangements.

The lower implied borrowing rate is a factor that reduced the economic terms of the Notes to you. The initial offering price of the Notes also reflects the underwriting commission and our estimated hedging costs. These factors resulted in the initial estimated value for the Notes on the Trade Date being less than their public offering price. See “Selected Risk Factors—The Initial Estimated Value of the Notes Is Less than the Price to the Public” above.

VALIDITY OF THE NOTES

In the opinion of Norton Rose Fulbright Canada LLP, the issue and sale of the Notes has been duly authorized by all necessary corporate action of the Bank in conformity with the Indenture, and when the Notes have been duly executed, authenticated and issued in accordance with the Indenture and delivered against payment therefor, the Notes will be validly issued and, to the extent validity of the Notes is a matter governed by the laws of the Province of Ontario or Québec, or the laws of Canada applicable therein, and will be valid obligations of the Bank, subject to equitable remedies which may only be granted at the discretion of a court of competent authority, subject to applicable bankruptcy, to rights to indemnity and contribution under the Notes or the Indenture which may be limited by applicable law; to insolvency and other laws of general application affecting creditors’ rights, to limitations under applicable limitations statutes, and to limitations as to the currency in which judgments in Canada may be rendered, as prescribed by the Currency Act (Canada). This opinion is given as of the date hereof and is limited to the laws of the Provinces of Ontario and Québec and the federal laws of Canada applicable thereto. In addition, this opinion is subject to customary assumptions about the Trustee’s authorization, execution and delivery of the Indenture and the genuineness of signatures and certain factual matters, all as stated in the letter of such counsel dated September 7, 2018, which has been filed as Exhibit 5.1 to Royal Bank’s Form 6-K filed with the SEC dated September 7, 2018.

In the opinion of Morrison & Foerster LLP, when the Notes have been duly completed in accordance with the Indenture and issued and sold as contemplated by the prospectus supplement and the prospectus, the Notes will be valid, binding and enforceable obligations of Royal Bank, entitled to the benefits of the Indenture, subject to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency and similar laws affecting creditors’ rights generally, concepts of reasonableness and equitable principles of general applicability (including, without limitation, concepts of good faith, fair dealing and the lack of bad faith). This opinion is given as of the date hereof and is limited to the laws of the State of New York. This opinion is subject to customary assumptions about the Trustee’s authorization, execution and delivery of the Indenture and the genuineness of signatures and to such counsel’s reliance on the Bank and other sources as to certain factual matters, all as stated in the legal opinion dated September 7, 2018, which has been filed as Exhibit 5.2 to the Bank’s Form 6-K dated September 7, 2018.

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RBC Capital Markets, LLC