During the summer, millions of Americans who love to enjoy the hot sun should do their best to protect their skin from harmful ultraviolet rays by following strict sunscreen practices.
What SPF should your sunscreen have?
Find out how it may help premature aging and skin cancer.
Roughly one in five Americans would eventually develop some form of skin cancer over their lifetime, the American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) said in a 2022 report.
However, the organization recommended that individuals can reduce the risk by wearing protective clothing while outside, such as long-sleeved shirts, pants, hats and sunglasses, as well as seeking shade.
Moreover, sunscreen can also help individuals avoid developing wrinkles and help stop age spots. Read below to find out the best practices regarding sunscreen before you go out this summer.
The American Academy of Dermatology recommends sunscreen with broad-spectrum protection against UVA and UVB rays, one that is SPF 30 or higher and is also water-resistant.
"SPF" stands for sun protective factor, but many people think the number relates to the time of solar exposure.
Yet this is not correct, said Dr. Darrell Rigel, clinical professor of dermatology at Mount Sinai Icahn School of Medicine and a former president of the American Academy of Dermatology, during a 2022 interview with Fox News Digital.
"For example, many consumers believe that, if they normally get sunburn in one hour, then an SPF 15 sunscreen allows them to stay in the sun 15 hours (i.e., 15 times longer) without getting sunburn. This is not true because SPF is not directly related to the time of solar exposure but to [the] amount of solar exposure," the Food Drug and Administration (FDA) said.
The SPF number tells how long the sun's UV radiation will take to cause a sunburn when using sunscreen (as directed) compared to the amount of time without sunscreen, Rigel said.
"Because SPF values are determined from a test that measures protection against sunburn caused by UVB radiation, SPF values only indicate a sunscreen's UVB protection," the FDA said.
Rigel encourages the use of SPF of 50 or higher, as many people only put 25%-50% of the required amount of sunscreen to reach the SPF amount on the label. So if they are applying SPF 15 or SPF 30, they might be getting less protection than expected.
Rigel recommends applying sunscreen on all exposed skin, taking special care to not forget the nose, as roughly a third of all skin cancers are on the nose because it "sticks out."
"Most adults need about 1 ounce – or enough to fill a shot glass – to fully cover their entire body. Don't forget to apply to the tops of your feet, your neck, your ears and the top of your head," the AAD said.
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Rigel said most people will need to reapply sunscreen every 90 minutes, but sweating or swimming may require more frequent intervals.
He told Fox News Digital that no sunscreen is "waterproof" because all sunscreens will wash off, but sunscreens are labeled "water-resistant" or "very water-resistant."
"The labels are required to state whether the sunscreen remains effective for 40 minutes or 80 minutes when swimming or sweating, and all sunscreens must provide directions on when to reapply," the FDA said on their website.
Rigel explained that "water-resistant" sunscreens are rated effective for 40 minutes, while "very water-resistant" are effective for 80 minutes.
He recommends the best sunscreen to use is the one you will use on a regular basis.
About 50% sunscreens are sold as sprays, he said. Although they more easily cover more surface area, he said that non-spray formulations are often more effective, as it’s difficult sometimes to tell what part of the skin the spray has covered, compared to lotions, which allow people to more accurate.
Ultimately, he said it comes down to personal preference — and reminds that sunscreens alone may not protect the skin.
The American Academy of Dermatology recommends avoiding the sun's rays when they are strongest, which is usually between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.
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"If your shadow is shorter than you are, seek shade," the AAD said.
Dermatologists also recommend wearing clothing to cover the skin, such a long-sleeved shirt, pants, a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses with UV protection.
And don’t just wear sunscreen when the sun’s out. Apply sunscreen daily if you are going to be outside, because the sun emits harmful UV rays all year.
"Even on cloudy days, up to 80% of the sun’s harmful UV rays can penetrate the clouds," the AAD said.
Rigel suggested cooling lotions containing menthol and 1% hydrocortisone cream to treat inflammation as well as aspirin to treat any swelling, redness or discomfort.
Normally the skin’s epidermal cells turn over in 28 days; but we don't see the skin turn over because they normally slough off in the shower.
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But when we have a sunburn, the skin turns over in 5–7 days because the injured skin cells don’t have time to separate, leading to visible peeling of skin, Rigel said.
He said a sunburn will typically heal fine as long there is no blistering, which is a sign of a second-degree burn.
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A second-degree burn that gives blistering may lead to scarring and the number of blistering episodes directly correlates to the risk of developing melanoma later in life, Rigel said.
